Виталик Бутерин предложил заменить предкомпиляцию modexp в EVM из-за её неэффективности для ZK-EVM

cryptonews.ruPubblicato 2025-11-22Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-11-22

Сооснователь Ethereum Виталик Бутерин выступил с предложением по изменению одного из ключевых компонентов виртуальной машины Ethereum (EVM) — предкомпиляции modexp (модульного возведения в степень). По словам Бутерина, эта функция стала наиболее ресурсоёмким и неэффективным элементом для систем типа ZK-EVM (zero-knowledge EVM), используемых для масштабирования Ethereum.

Предложение Бутерина опубликовано в X (Twitter): ссылка.

Почему modexp создаёт проблему для ZK-EVM

В EVM предкомпиляции — это заранее реализованные функции, предназначенные для выполнения сложных вычислений, которые нецелесообразно реализовывать на уровне байт-кода.
modexp используется для операций модульного возведения в степень, необходимых в основном при RSA-шифровании и проверке цифровых подписей.

Однако, как отметил Бутерин, в контексте zero-knowledge-виртуальных машин (ZK-EVM), где вычисления должны быть доказуемы и воспроизводимы с использованием SNARK-или STARK-доказательств, modexp становится узким местом.

По его оценке, вычисления modexp в 50 раз сложнее по ресурсоёмкости, чем средние блоки, что делает их крайне неэффективными в рамках доказательных систем.

Предложение: новый EIP и отказ от предкомпиляции

Бутерин предложил ввести новое улучшение Ethereum (EIP), которое заменит существующую предкомпиляцию на эквивалентный код, исполняемый напрямую в EVM.
Такое изменение может привести к увеличению затрат на газ, но обеспечит гораздо более прозрачную и предсказуемую модель вычислений для zero-knowledge-доказательств.

Бутерин также подчеркнул, что RSA-подписи и операции, где используется modexp, могут выполняться через SNARK-базированные решения, которые уже обладают встроенной совместимостью с доказательствами корректности, не нарушая принципы детерминированности ZK-систем.

Почему это важно для экосистемы Ethereum

ZK-EVM считается одной из самых перспективных технологий для масштабирования Ethereum. Она позволяет обрабатывать транзакции вне основной сети (off-chain) с последующей криптографической проверкой корректности на уровне основного блокчейна.

Однако для эффективной работы таких систем требуется, чтобы все вычисления в EVM могли быть быстро и однозначно проверяемы в виде доказательств. Текущая реализация modexp не соответствует этому принципу, создавая избыточную нагрузку и замедляя обработку блоков.

Введение нового EIP решит несколько задач:

упростит архитектуру ZK-EVM;
обеспечит совместимость EVM-вычислений с доказательствами SNARK/STARK;
создаст основу для более быстрой и лёгкой верификации транзакций.

Переход к постквантовым и ZK-совместимым решениям

Предложение Бутерина также вписывается в более широкий контекст перехода Ethereum к постквантовой криптографии и повышению устойчивости сети к новым видам вычислительных атак.
Замена modexp и отказ от RSA-подписей в пользу SNARK-решений позволят снизить зависимость от классических криптографических алгоритмов и укрепить безопасность сети на горизонте 10–20 лет.

Что дальше

Если сообщество Ethereum поддержит инициативу, предложение будет оформлено как EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposal). После обсуждения и тестирования на уровне разработчиков оно может быть включено в один из следующих хардфорков Ethereum.

Виталик отметил, что подобные изменения «не ускорят сеть мгновенно, но улучшат долгосрочную устойчивость архитектуры и сделают ZK-доказательства более универсальными и прозрачными».

Итог:
Инициатива Виталика Бутерина по замене предкомпиляции modexp — это шаг к оптимизации вычислительной модели Ethereum и повышению эффективности ZK-EVM. Такой переход усилит совместимость блокчейна с системами доказательств и обеспечит готовность сети к эпохе постквантовых вычислений.

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