监管滞后 + 增长失衡,穆迪:新兴市场或因稳定币陷入系统性金融危机

marsbitPubblicato 2025-09-27Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-09-28

评级机构穆迪发出警告,由稳定币驱动的「加密化」浪潮正对新兴市场的货币主权和金融稳定构成日益严峻的挑战。

近日,穆迪在其最新报告中指出,随着稳定币等加密货币的采用率在全球范围内加速增长,新兴市场面临货币主权被削弱的风险。在这种「加密化」的趋势下,以美元等法币为锚的稳定币被广泛使用,从而削弱了央行对利率和汇率的控制能力。

报告明确表示,如果个人将储蓄从国内银行存款转向稳定币或加密钱包,银行系统可能面临「存款流失」的风险。穆迪称,这种资金外流不仅影响银行的流动性,也对整体金融稳定构成潜在威胁。

数据显示,2024 年全球数字资产拥有者已达到约 5.62 亿人,较前一年增长了 33%。穆迪强调,尽管在发达经济体中,加密资产的普及多由监管明确和投资渠道完善所驱动,但在拉丁美洲、东南亚和非洲等新兴市场,其增长速度最快,主要动因来自汇款、移动支付和对冲通胀的需求。

「加密化」风险加剧

穆迪认为,「加密化」的核心风险在于其对一国货币政策独立性和金融体系稳定性的侵蚀。

报告称,当大量经济活动通过稳定币进行时,央行通过调整利率来管理经济的能力将被削弱。同时,如果美元稳定币成为主流交易媒介,也将直接冲击本国货币的汇率稳定。

此外,穆迪警告称,稳定币自身也存在系统性风险。

报告指出,尽管稳定币被认为相对安全,但其快速增长也引入了系统性漏洞:监管的不足可能引发对储备金的挤兑,一旦发生脱锚,或将迫使政府采取代价高昂的救助措施。 

增长失衡与监管鸿沟

全球加密资产的普及呈现出显著的地域不平衡,而监管的滞后加剧了新兴市场面临的风险。

穆迪在报告中强调,目前的监管格局极度分散。数据显示,全球仅有不到三分之一的国家实施了全面的数字资产规则,这使得许多经济体直接暴露在市场波动和系统性冲击之下。

这种监管鸿沟与增长模式的差异形成了鲜明对比。发达市场的加密采用更侧重于投资,而新兴市场民众则更多出于实际需求,如跨境汇款和对冲本国货币的通胀风险。

穆迪认为,这种分化既展示了数字资产在普惠金融方面的潜力,也凸显了在监管未能跟上的情况下,金融不稳定的风险正在不断累积。

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