Coin Center:我们对特朗普的潜在加密政策过于乐观了吗?

链捕手Pubblicato 2024-12-03Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-12-03

原文标题:Coin Center’s Analysis of the Crypto Policy Landscape Following the Elections

作者:Peter Van Valkenburgh

编译:Mensh,ChainCatcher

 

加密货币在最近的选举中引起了很多关注,许多人在想新政府和国会会有多友好。简而言之,我们预计某些领域会有所改善,而其他领域仍将面临挑战。我们预期在证券和银行监管方面,良好政策的实现可能会更容易,同时可能会有更清晰的规则来规范集中式二级市场和集中式稳定币发行者。

在反洗钱、税务报告和制裁领域,前景则不那么确定。Coin Center 将继续专注于保护那些自拖管和隐私软件的开发者的权利,以及希望使用这些工具的普通美国人的权利。以下是我们对这些问题的思考,以及我们对未来机遇和挑战的初步分析。

如何在政府更替期间思考加密问题

可以大致将加密货币的政策问题分为两个类别:监控问题(税务报告、BSA 银行保密法、AML 反洗钱法、制裁)和投资者保护问题(SEC、CFTC、银行)。在一个类别中实现良好政策并不保证在另一个类别中也会有类似的积极结果。每个政策领域背后的理由不同(保护投资者与识别和阻止非法资金流动),立法者在关注某一领域时的政治动机和联盟建立机会也有所不同。

同样,可以将加密货币生态系统分为两个类别:中心化企业(托管钱包提供商、中心化交易所、可信发行者)和去中心化基础设施开发者及用户(协议开发者、非托管钱包和应用程序开发者,以及这些协议和应用程序的非中介用户)。

Coin Center 希望在所有领域都能实现良好政策,但我们的核心使命是捍卫去中心化和点对点工具的开发者和用户的权利。在投资者保护或监控领域的过度监管可能会威胁到开发者和用户。然而,最近来自监控领域的威胁更加深刻。

这里有一张关于过去和潜在未来政策行动的图表,帮助你理解这个框架:

你可能会注意到,右下角的框显得过于拥挤。这部分可能是我们的偏见。Coin Center 的使命专注于去中心化基础设施开发者发布代码的权利(第一修正案问题)和阻止不当监控义务(第四修正案问题),而第四象限正是这两个主题的交集战场。尽管我们可能存在偏见,但在过去四年中,这个问题领域似乎确实比其他领域更具攻击性。对此有许多解释,包括政治光环和新闻周期的论点,政治家错误或投机主义地将全球和外交政策悲剧与加密货币联系在一起(如哈马斯资金、俄罗斯寡头试图规避制裁),以及政治联盟的建立,左派和右派虽然很少达成共识,但有时在国家安全和监控的感知问题上找到共同点。

最大的威胁是什么?

过去几年,对个人加密货币用户和开发者的自由构成了严重威胁。在其交易重新定义规则中以及对 Metamask 和 Coinbase Wallet 等钱包提供商的执法行动中,我们看到,SEC 过于积极地在其交易重新定义规则中直接监管个人开发者和用户。监控问题也开始显现:

6050I(译者注:6050I 法案要求所有价值超过 1 万美元的数字资产交易都必须向税务机关报告,于 2024 年 1 月 1 日开始生效

Tornado Cash 制裁(译者注:2022 年 8 月 8 日,美国财政部的 OFAC(外国资产控制办公室)将 Tornado Cash 列入其制裁名单,指责该开放应用协助进行了数十亿美元的洗钱活动

经纪人披露规则(译者注:2023 年 8 月,财政部发布了一项拟议的法规,旨在定义在税法下,如果一个加密货币相关人员被视为“经纪人”,他们需要收集其加密工具用户的个人信息,并将这些信息报告给IRS(美国国税局)以用于税务目的

以及对非托管开发者的无证货币转账起诉(译者注:在 2024 年 4 月 24 日,Samourai Wallet 的起诉书被解密。同一天,在 Tornado Cash 案件中,司法部反对 Roman Storm 的驳回和证据排除动议。检察官对资金转移的定义进行了扩展,可能影响加密货币钱包提供商的法律地位。)。同时,在国会,我们反对那些在 CANSEE(Crypto Asset National Security Enhancement Act)和 DAMLA(Digital Asset Market Structure and Regulatory Accountability Act)等法案中对非托管开发者施加不合理监控义务的立法。

这是一场持久战

有三个主要威胁浮现在脑海中:(1) 6050I,(2) Tornado Cash制裁,(3) 无证货币传输起诉。首先,我们在 6050I 的背景下已经有正在进行的诉讼;我们主张,向 IRS 强制报告的无令状报告,包括收到超过 $10000 加密货币的个人信息,是违宪的。其次,在 Tornado Cash 制裁方面,我们主张,制裁法并不赋予财政部禁止美国人使用像智能合约这样的工具的权力,因为这些工具既不是外国人的也不是他们的财产。第三,我们惊恐地看到,纽约南区对非托管软件工具(Tornado Cash 和 Samurai Wallet)的开发者提起了无证货币传输起诉,我们将继续尽力帮助这些案件中的被告。虽然在特朗普政府下,司法部可能会发生变化,但它维护其政治独立,因此不太可能因为政府更替而放弃这些起诉。

还能乐观吗?

简单来说,新政府将对美国本土集中式企业有利,尤其是在投资者保护问题上。因为中介服务和有效的资本形成对提升加密货币在技术不那么成熟的受众中的吸引力至关重要。然而,Coin Center 关注的关键领域,即影响真正去中心化工具和服务的开发者和用户,又如何呢?

在机构层面,有理由相信,由于特朗普总统总体上支持加密货币以及他在 SEC 和财政部的可能任命,正在进行的有争议的规则制定可能会被冻结甚至被放弃。这将是一个积极的结果,因为 SEC 的交易重新定义和IRS对非托管开发者的经纪人规则如同悬在我们头上的利剑。

新政府是否会有兴趣缩减过度的制裁和反洗钱政策,即第四象限的核心,则不太确定。然而,我们仍然希望,即使在一个更友好的 SEC 下,严厉的监控和控制政策仍将继续使创新者远离美国,抑制发展,并剥夺普通美国人享受这些技术的好处(但并不能有效防止罪犯和恐怖分子使用这些技术)。

我们也乐观地认为,国会可能在反对监控问题上发挥更大作用。成员们已发送信件批评 6050I 的实施、Tornado Cash 的制裁以及无证货币传输的起诉。像《区块链监管确定法案》这样的法案将为无证货币传输的起诉提供立法解决方案,我们准备找到一条两党合作的前进道路以推动其通过。

我们期待与新政府在这个话题上合作,如果我们能够有说服力地提出我们的论点,他们将会给予公正的听取。在历史的长河中,美国的宪法权利,特别是我们对言论自由的尊重和对无令状搜查与扣押的警惕,应当保证这里是构建和使用加密货币及开放区块链网络的最佳场所。“支持加密”不仅仅意味着选择更友好的机构负责人或实施支持商业的法规,还意味着一种深刻的美国精神:在最困难的时刻为隐私和言论站出来,尤其是在国家安全利益高涨、犯罪和恐怖主义的阴影短暂遮蔽我们自由、隐私和开放时。

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