OP Stack 的演进:OP Succinct 释放 ZK Rollup 潜力

金色财经Pubblicato 2024-09-25Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-09-25

作者:YBB Capital 研究员 Ac-Core

TLDR

  • OP Succinct 的主要功能是将 ZKP 集成到 OP Stack 的模块化架构中,将 OP Stack Rollups 转换为经过完全验证的 ZK Rollups。

  • 如果以太坊未来的扩展解决方案是将所有 Rollups 转换为 ZK Rollups,那么 OP Succinct 旨在利用 Rust 和 SP1 在 OP Stack 中部署 Type-1 zkEVM(完全与以太坊等效)。

  • OP Succinct Proposer 并行实现证明生成,以及证明聚合和验证。

  • 现有的 OP Stack 系统依赖于“7 天防欺诈窗口”,如果发生争议,会导致交易延迟。OP Succinct 通过使用 ZK 证明缩短了交易完成时间,从而无需延长防欺诈窗口。

  • OP Succinct可以大大降低交易成本。

1、近期回顾:OP 主网更新以及 OP Stack 与 OP Labs 之间的关系

CuLpAWtR7c5ilKbj103SUZMIRWYZANsy60YYXBRc.png

图片来源:Blockscout

1.1 OP 主网的关键进展

2024 年 3 月 30 日,OP Labs 宣布在 OP Sepolia 测试网上发布“故障证明”,该测试网于 2024 年 6 月 11 日在 OP 主网上正式启动。这标志着去中心化的第一步,允许用户从 OP 主网上提取 ETH 和 ERC-20 代币,而无需可信第三方。该机制使用户能够挑战和撤销无效的提款(包括 Base、Metal、Mode 和 Zora)。

为了确保用户资产的安全和信任,Optimism 使用故障证明来验证链上交易的准确性和有效性,并防止恶意行为。关键原则包括:

  • 数据可用性:故障证明确保 2 层上的所有数据均可访问,并可由第 1 层进行验证。

  • 挑战期:在特定的挑战期内,任何人都可以对 2 层的数据提出异议。

如果发现 2 层和 1 层数据不一致,争议方可以提出挑战。2 层运营商必须提交证据来反驳挑战并验证数据的正确性。

  • 最终性:如果在挑战期内没有发生有效的挑战或 2 层运营商成功反驳挑战,则交易将被最终确定并被视为有效。

1.2 OP Stack 与 OP Labs 的关系与区别

OP Labs 是开发 Optimism 解决方案的团队或组织,OP Stack 是用于构建和扩展以太坊 2 层网络的技术框架。OP Labs 与 OP Stack 之间的关系可以理解为开发者与开发工具之间的关系。

  • OP Labs:OP Labs 是 Optimism 项目的核心贡献者,负责开发和维护 Optimism Layer 2 解决方案。它是一个致力于创建和改进与以太坊扩展相关的技术工具(例如 Optimistic Rollups)的团队或组织。OP Labs 的主要目标是减少以太坊主网的负载,降低交易成本并提高交易速度。OP Labs 还与其他项目(例如 Succinct Labs)合作,以推进以太坊扩展技术,例如专注于优化零知识证明的 OP Succinct。

OP Labs 是负责开发和维护 Optimism 网络的主要团队或组织。他们的目标是为以太坊创建高效的扩展解决方案,专注于降低交易费用和提高交易速度。他们不仅在开发 Optimistic Rollups,还在推动与零知识证明相关的新技术,例如与 Succinct Labs 合作开发的 OP Succinct。

  • OP Stack:OP Stack 是用于构建和扩展以太坊二层网络的模块化架构或技术堆栈。它由多个可定制的组件组成,允许开发人员根据特定需求构建自己的二层链。它为开发人员提供了一种标准化的方法,可以快速设置适合特定条件的二层扩展网络。

OP 实验室开发的 OP Stack 提供模块化框架,为构建二层网络提供基础架构。开发者可以使用 OP Stack 快速创建不同的扩展网络。模块化设计允许用户灵活选择不同的验证机制(例如 Optimistic Rollups 或 ZK Rollups),以满足各种项目的需求。

本质上,OP Labs 可以看作是 OP Stack 的开发者,而 OP Stack 是 OP Labs 提供的帮助开发者构建和扩展以太坊 2 层网络的技术工具。

在深入研究 OP Succinct 之前,有必要介绍每个 OP Stack 的四个主要组件:

1、op-geth:收集来自用户的交易并根据这些交易生成和执行区块。

2、op-batcher:批处理用户交易并提交至 1 层。

3、op-node:从 1 层读取批量数据,并以非排序器模式驱动 op-geth 进行状态转换。

4、op-proposer:定期将输出根发布到 1 层,捕获 2 层状态并促进提款。

2. Succinct Labs 与 OP Labs 合作将 ZK元素引入 OP Stack

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图片来源:Succinct Blog

2.1 OP Succinct架构组件

OP Succinct 是基于 1.2 节中概述的 OP Stack 组件构建的,是对 OP Stack 的轻量级升级,允许链使用 ZK 验证的区块,同时保持其他组件(op-geth、op-batcher 和 op-node)不变。OP Succinct 由以下四个主要组件组成:

  • Range程序:处理批处理块的程序,用 Rust 编写,设计用于在 zkVM 内运行。

  • Aggregation程序:聚合来自 Range 程序的证明以降低链上验证成本,也是用 Rust 编写的,设计用于在 zkVM 中运行。

  • OP Succinct L2 输出预言机:一个 Solidity 智能合约,包含一个 L2 状态输出数组,每个输出都提交到 L2 链的状态。此合约存在于原始 Optimism 系统中,但已被修改为使用证明验证作为身份验证机制。

  • OP Succinct提议者:观察在 L1 上发布的交易批次并管理Range和聚合程序的证明生成。

2.2 OP Succinct 如何融入以太坊扩展叙事?

由于需要大量的密码学专业知识,构建 zkEVM Rollups 一直具有挑战性。当 OP Labs 开发模块化 OP Stack 时,他们预计会支持各种证明机制。为此,他们开源了 Kona 的开发,使用 Rust 实现 OP Stack Rollups 的 STF,最终通过 Kona 和 SP1 程序为 OP Stack 生成零知识证明 (ZKP)。这意味着,理论上,任何 OP Stack 链都可以升级为使用 ZKP。

SP1(Succinct Processor 1)的目标是让开发者能够使用标准 Rust 代码无缝集成 Type-1 zkEVM rollup。借助 OP Succinct,任何现有 OP Stack 链升级到 Type-1 zkEVM rollup 的过程可以在一小时内完成,具有以下优势:

  • 快速 ZKP 确认:将证明延迟减少到几分钟,取代 7 天的防欺诈争议窗口。

  • 成本效率:平均交易成本降低至仅几美分。

  • 切换OP Stack为ZK:通过部署智能合约,启动轻量级OP Succinct提案服务,可通过API调用生成证明(包括批处理/序列器、op-node、索引器等)。

  • Type-1 zkEVM:所有与 OP Stack Rollups 兼容的工具和智能合约都与 OP Succinct Rollups 兼容。

  • 提高了可扩展性:可定制的OP Succinct Rollup可以根据需要添加新的预编译并修改Rollup逻辑。

根据 GitHub 官方文档,该过程仅需要安装 Rust、Foundry 和 Docker,即可将任何现有的 OP Stack rollup 升级为 Type-1 zkEVM rollup。简化的流程涉及两个步骤:

  • 部署ZK L2OutputOracle.sol合约。

  •  启动OP Succinct提议服务(详细步骤参考GitHub扩展链接2)。

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图片来源:Succinct博客 — 将 OP Stack Rollup 升级为 ZK Proofs

2.3 使用 SP1 Reth 构建 Type-1 zkEVM

Succinct 认为 EVM Rollups 的未来在于使用 Rust 语言编写的 zkEVM,这样可维护性会更好。目前,OP Rollups 面临三大挑战:漫长的 7 天防欺诈窗口、复杂的互操作性以及在某些情况下依赖多组数据机制而不是防欺诈证明。开发 zkEVM 是一项长期工作,因此 SP1 就是为了解决这些挑战而创建的。

SP1 是一个高性能、完全可定制的 zkVM,100% 开源,可以验证任意 Rust(或 LLVM 编译)程序的执行。根据公开数据,OP Succinct Stack 已在 OP Mainnet、OP Sepolia 和 Base 链上成功运行,交易证明成本从 0.01 美元到 0.02 美元不等(见扩展链接 3)。未来,所有区块链基础设施,包括 Rollups、桥接器和协处理器,都将可能用 Rust(或其他 LLVM 编译语言)编写,并利用 ZKP。

根据 Succinct 博客和开源 GitHub 内容的总结,SP1 相对于其他 zkVM 的性能优势源于几个关键因素:

  • 以预编译为中心的架构:SP1 支持灵活的预编译系统,显著加速 secp256k1 和 ed25519 签名验证、sha256 和 keccak256 哈希等操作,并将许多程序的 RISC-V 循环次数减少 5-10 倍。它旨在提供与 ZK 电路相当的性能,同时保持 zkVM 灵活性和出色的开发人员体验。

  • 完全开源:SP1 是 100% 开源的,允许 Argument 和 Scroll 等团队实现自定义预编译,减少循环次数并加快证明生成时间。

  • 行业标准:自推出以来,zkVM 内部预编译的想法已成为行业标准,影响了 RISC0、Valida、Nexus 和 Jolt 等项目。SP1 是唯一可用于生产的 zkVM,支持广泛的关键加密操作。

  • 高效的内存读写:SP1 采用创新的内存证明方法,只需一次挑战即可实现跨多个证明的一致性内存,避免了 Merkleized 内存的开销。

  • 基本效率优化:利用较低的放大因子和下一代查找参数(例如基于对数的导数,如 LogUp),以及 Plonky3 中的 FRI 变体,SP1 提高了跟踪区域利用效率。

KzjLKcOwCzb8tIXHJsOOg95hjYe8rY5xtzVtiAEW.png

图片来源:Succinct博客

3、OP Succinct能否成为OP Stack对抗ZK Stack的王牌?

VfJN6zcK5Y42qBl6e47s36XsNFFqdwZgL1tlXOP7.png

图片来源:@jtguibas

如果以太坊的扩容方案短期看是OP,长期看是ZK,那么OP Succinct的潜在成功可能标志着以太坊发展道路上的一个重要里程碑。OP Succinct为ETH Rollups从乐观验证过渡到零知识证明(ZKP)提供了一条可升级的途径。这种转变不仅降低了交易成本,还提高了交易速度,同时保留了ZK Rollups的安全和隐私属性,为未来的应用层扩展开辟了新的可能性。

在公认的四大 Layer 2 方案中,目前看来 OP Stack 在生态建设上略胜 ZK Stack,未来马太效应或许会更加明显,OP Succinct 的加入可能会分走 ZK Stack 的部分流量和潜力,如果 OP Succinct 成功,甚至可能对传统的基于 zkEVM 的 Rollups 构成挑战。

然而,从目前提出的操作逻辑来看,一个关键问题浮现出来:开发人员如何确保及时检测到由修改状态转换函数 (STF) 或添加新的预编译时未知漏洞引起的系统范围风险?这是一个值得长期关注的领域。

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