TON 网络为何出块中断?详解底层设计局限与验证者问题

链捕手Pubblicato 2024-09-02Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-09-02

作者:夫如何,Odaily 星球日报

 

8 月的 TON,身处在水深火热中。

先是 Telegram 创始人在法国被捕、取保候审,再有 Ton 网络两次出块中断面临较大的质疑。两次危机,给日趋火热的 Ton 生态泼了一盆冷水,也进一步压缩其未来叙事空间。

市场关注焦点多集中在创始人被捕事件,对技术故障并未过多关注,而后者才是真正影响 Ton 生态未来发展的重大事件。

TON 网络为何频繁宕机?社区对此的说法也是众说纷纭。Odaily 星球日报将从 TON 的白皮书、相关技术文档以及目前网络的现状进行分析,探寻 TON 网络两次出块中断背后的原因。

多方作用:验证者的数量不足,底层设计过于复杂

事件回顾: 8 月 28 日清晨,TON 网络出现第一次出块中断,历经 7 个小时,才恢复出块。但仅仅不到 24 小时,Ton 再次在 29 日凌晨出现第二次出块中断。

表面原因:DOGS 交易量激增引发的出块停滞

网络出块中断的直接原因是 DOGS 交易量的激增。

DOGS 是近期在 TON 网络热度颇高的 Meme 币,总量 5500 亿枚,空投份额占总量 72.73% ,并且空投门槛仅需 Telegram 账号。近期,DOGS 上线币安等数个平台,导致短时间链上交易转账数量激增。

作为一个 PoS 公链,TON 依赖其验证者节点来处理和确认交易,并将这些交易打包成区块。在正常情况下,区块链网络会按设定的时间间隔生成新区块,但当系统无法及时处理所有待处理的交易时,出块过程就会延迟,甚至可能中断。

交易过载现象在区块链领域并不罕见,包括比特币、以太坊等知名公链在内的多个网络都曾面临过类似的问题。当交易量超出网络的瞬时处理能力时,交易验证速度会大幅下降。就 TON 的情况而言,交易量激增可能导致验证者负载过重,进而拖慢整体出块速度。这种现象在特定高峰期尤为明显,正如 DOGS 爆火一样,突然受到用户追捧时,交易量激增超出网络的承载能力,导致出块延迟。

对于网络两次中断出块的原因,TON 基金会解释称,因 DOGS 交易过载,导致垃圾收集使许多验证者过载,时间过长导致他们失去共识。

有意思的是,TON 曾在在去年 11 月底的公开性能测试中,因 TPS 高达 104715 而成功申请吉尼斯世界记录认证。官方解释因 DOGS 交易过载的说法,显得过于苍白无力。

深层原因:TON 网络的设计局限与验证者问题

实际上,交易过载仅仅是问题的表象,TON 网络出块中断的根本问题隐藏在其底层设计和验证者机制中。通过分析 TON 的技术架构、分片机制及其验证者的组织形式,我们可以从以下三点角度来分析 TON 网络为何在极端条件下表现出不稳定性。

1. 分片链架构的复杂性:高扩展性带来的挑战

TON 的架构设计以高扩展性和高性能为核心,其独特的主链、工作链与分片链多层次结构在理论上可以通过分散负载提升网络的处理能力。然而,这种复杂的分片链结构也带来了诸多挑战。

每个工作链都可以进一步分割成多个分片链,每个分片链负责不同账户的交易处理。这种设计允许大量交易在不同分片链上并行处理,从而提高整体网络的 TPS。然而,当交易量激增时,如果某些分片链中的负载分布不均或验证者未能及时处理大量交易,可能会导致这些分片链的出块速度放缓甚至停滞。由于分片链必须与主链保持同步,如果某个关键分片链出现问题,可能会影响整个网络的出块进程。

TON 的分片方法极具创新性,允许分片链缩小至每个分片链仅负责少量账户或智能合约,甚至每个分片管理一个账户或合约。然而,这种极端分片方式也增加了协调和管理的复杂性。虽然分片技术是提升区块链可扩展性的一种有效手段,但它需要每个分片链和主链之间的高度高效且稳定的协调。一旦某个分片链在极端条件下出现瓶颈,整个网络的出块过程就可能受阻。

2. 验证者数量不足:TON 去中心化的潜在风险

TON 网络的另一个显著问题是验证者数量的不足。与其他 PoS 公链相比,TON 的验证者数量明显偏少。目前 TON 网络仅有 360 个验证者节点,而以太坊的验证者数量已超过 100 万,Solana 的验证者数量也远超 TON。这种验证者数量的差异,直接影响了 TON 的去中心化程度及网络安全性。

在 PoS 网络中,验证者负责验证交易、达成共识,并将验证后的交易打包成区块。验证者数量的多少不仅决定了网络的去中心化程度,也直接影响了网络在高负载情况下的处理能力。TON 验证者数量少,意味着每个验证者需要处理更多交易请求。当交易量骤增时,验证者可能无法及时处理所有交易,导致出块延迟甚至中断。

此外,TON 对验证者的硬件和网络要求较高,并且成为验证者需要质押大量 Toncoin。这些高门槛条件限制了验证者的数量,使得只有具备足够资源的参与者才能加入验证者行列。这不仅限制了 TON 网络的去中心化程度,还使得在高峰交易期出块延迟问题更为突出。

3. 共识机制的局限性:拜占庭容错协议在高负载下的挑战

TON 网络采用了一种基于拜占庭容错(BFT)理论的共识机制,即 Catchain 协议。这一协议的设计目的是在存在恶意节点的情况下,依然能够维持网络的正常运行。然而,当验证者数量有限且部分验证者因交易量过载无法及时参与共识时,这种机制的效率就会受到影响。

Catchain 协议的工作原理是,只要参与共识的验证者中,恶意节点的数量不超过三分之一,网络就可以达成共识并生成区块。然而,当验证者数量有限且负荷过高时,多个验证者可能同时无法响应,导致共识过程变得缓慢,甚至无法达成共识,从而导致出块停滞。

尽管 TON 的共识机制在设计上具备很强的抗风险能力,但其实际效果依赖于验证者数量和分布。当验证者数量不足且网络负载超出预期时,Catchain 协议的效率就会显著下降,导致网络出块速度放缓甚至停滞。

去中心化程度和底层机制缺陷成为 Ton 发展阻碍

TON 近期面临的挑战接连不断,首先是 Telegram 创始人在法国被捕事件,这不仅使 TON 的未来发展面临不确定性,也可能影响到 Telegram 与 TON 生态的合作。Telegram 的 10 亿月活跃用户原本被视为 TON 生态发展的潜在巨大力量,这一事件无疑为双方未来的合作蒙上了一层阴影。

此外,TON 网络自身在短时间内连续两次出块中断,进一步暴露出其在高负载条件下的局限性。这两次中断事件尽管因 DOGS 交易量激增而起,但深层次原因则涉及 TON 网络的底层设计问题。分片链架构的复杂性、验证者数量的不足,以及共识机制在高负载下的效率下降,都表明 TON 网络在应对突发情况时存在显著的技术瓶颈。这些问题不仅影响了 TON 的当前稳定性,也对其长期发展构成潜在威胁。

作者认为 TON 生态需要在以下几个方面进行改进以确保其稳定性和可持续发展。

  • TON 需要扩大验证者数量,降低成为验证者的门槛,吸引更多的节点参与,从而提升去中心化程度和网络的承载能力。
  • TON 应优化其分片链架构,提升分片链与主链之间的协调效率,确保在高交易量环境下的平稳运行。
  • 共识机制的进一步优化也是必不可少的,TON 应研究如何在高负载情况下提升 Catchain 协议的效率,确保网络在极端条件下依然能够稳定出块。

TON 一路走来,从诞生时就面临着重大危机,后依靠社区自治完成涅槃。并且在早期发展时也面临着热度低,生态贫瘠。相必目前的状况对于曾经的 TON 生态而言,并不足以产生「致命威胁」。希望 TON 克服当前的困难,完善自身网络,才能更好地迎接未来的挑战,并逐步构建一个更为强大和繁荣的生态。

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