虚拟货币刑事处置合规和利益相关人权利保护

币界网Pubblicato 2024-08-06Pubblicato ultima volta 2024-08-06

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一、问题的提出

虚拟货币是一种基于区块链技术发展、成熟产生的新型货币形态,但其并非由货币当局发行,不具有法偿性等法定货币特征,不具有与法定货币等同的地位。根据我国2017年9月4日《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》(以下简称《公告》)和2021年9月24日《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(以下简称《通知》),不能且不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。

我国对虚拟货币的政策态度经历了逐渐趋严的渐进过程,尽管监管逐步严格,我国目前还是世界上虚拟货币交易量最多、买卖最活跃的国家之一1。与此相应,涉虚拟货币犯罪案件大幅增多,刑事涉案财物中虚拟货币的出现也逐渐频繁。虚拟货币具有新颖性、技术性、匿名性等特性,不仅相关案件的查办不易,对虚拟货币财产本身的扣押、保管、处置工作也出现了一定的矛盾和困难。基于上述,本文将集中剖析几种常见的虚拟货币刑事处置方式,并且对该过程中不同主体的权利进行强调,针对性指出虚拟货币刑事处置司法实践过程中存在的问题,以期为后续研究和立法完善提供进一步的方向。

二、常见虚拟货币刑事处置程序和处置方式问题

(一)程序不合规

对涉案虚拟货币的扣押、保管是处置的前期工作,由于下游单位不愿意接收,往往2由公安机关继续保管。但虚拟货币不同于常规财物或者财产性利益,公安机关仅仅控制虚拟货币钱包或者虚拟货币账户私钥并不意味着对对应的虚拟货币享有绝对的掌控。由于虚拟货币的技术性和数据性特质,对其的控制权完全有可能被通过技术手段窃取,因而需要及时做出刑事处置。

然而,由于我国对虚拟货币的现有规定较为笼统,传统制度又未能将虚拟货币很好地纳入涵射范围,在公安机关处置虚拟货币的程序中还是存在一些矛盾和问题。首先,“‘办案与管理相分离’是执法机关涉案财物管理的重要原则。3”但虚拟货币的易转移性往往要求迅速处置,实践中处置之前大多由办案人员直接保管,违背了上述原则。其次,根据我国相关规定4,要待人民法院作出生效判决、裁定后再进行涉案财产的处理。但如前所述,虚拟货币不同于任何一种传统财产,容易被转移、难以保管的同时,也难以保障移送的安全和完整。所以公安机关对涉案虚拟货币的刑事处置又是基于切实的工作需要,与制度规定产生了难以调和的矛盾。

(二)方式有风险

虚拟货币虽然不属于法定货币,但其财产性质不可否认;又因其本身的形态无法上缴国库,故而涉案虚拟货币的刑事处置也是司法实践必须应对的课题。在刑事司法实践中,具体路径按照处置主体不同,可以分为公安机关、犯罪嫌疑人及第三方机构处置。

公安机关直接处置是指由公安机关直接寻找、对接虚拟货币买家,主要发生在早期虚拟货币尚未活跃,数量少、币值低、监管不严格的时期。但是这种处置方法没有合法性依据,甚至有违反国家有关虚拟货币政策的嫌疑;加之交易风险性较高,已经逐渐受到限制或禁止。

犯罪嫌疑人在公安机关监督下进行交易处置是目前主要的虚拟货币刑事处置途径之一。如在张某焱盗窃案5中,犯罪嫌疑人张某焱就是在民警控制出售虚拟货币,兑换成人民币13万余元,完成了对虚拟货币的刑事处置。在该案中,虚拟货币处置主要用于涉案金额的认定;司法实践中还存在转为人民币进行常规冻结、退缴违法所得、孳息及缴纳罚金等路径。但犯罪嫌疑人直接处置虚拟货币的方式同样不够妥帖。此举虽然避免了公安机关直接参与国家禁止的虚拟货币交易,但是由犯罪嫌疑人进行主要操作,后者可能利用技术或信息差做出转移虚拟货币或者其他有利于自身的行为。6

委托第三方处置是虚拟货币刑事处置的另一大方式。由于虚拟货币交易有一定的门槛,且公安机关不宜直接参与交易,委托第三方机构处置成为一种主流的虚拟货币刑事处置方式。第三方机构结汇可能直接将虚拟货币卖给交易所兑换法定货币;可能与有购买能力的私人买家直接交易;可能在境内召集潜在购买者进行变相拍卖,等等。该种处置方式虽然有其便利性和现实性,但同样存在不合规的问题和风险。7第一,我国原则上禁止从事虚拟货币类业务,当前能够进行虚拟货币交易的机构实际上游走于法律规定的灰色地带。公安机关与之合作与本身的职能定位、法律属性及要求并不相称,8相关虚拟货币的后续流向也有可能是部分灰黑产链条,间接助长违法犯罪行为。第二,第三方机构是非官方、非中立的盈利性机构,其行为会受趋利性影响,进而影响虚拟货币刑事处置的费用、效果等。第三,由于没有对应的规定或制度约束,对第三方机构的资质选拔、交易监督等机制都存在缺失,导致实践中产生处置风险。

三、涉案各方主体的权利保护

(一)犯罪嫌疑人权利

虚拟货币根据其种类不同,市场价格波动幅度不同,除稳定币之外其他虚拟货币大多市场价格波动较大。根据《公安机关涉案财物管理若干规定》,公安机关对于犯罪嫌疑人此类涉案虚拟货币的拍卖、变卖等处置需要权利人明确且同意。当虚拟货币权利人为犯罪嫌疑人本人时,其作为刑事司法程序中的弱势方,异议可能被忽视,同意权可能被架空。即使犯罪嫌疑人做出同意,也可能并非是其真实意思表示,而只是基于量刑优惠政策、权衡利弊之下的考量。此外,基于种种具体实践情况,公安机关处置虚拟货币可能直接略过犯罪嫌疑人,不征求其同意,同样侵犯了后者应有的权利。

在对犯罪嫌疑人拥有的虚拟货币进行刑事处置时,还可能侵犯其隐私权和财产权。9虚拟货币立基的区块链技术原本具有去中心化的特征,但公安机关出于办案需要可能反复分析犯罪嫌疑人账户、交易等,其间获悉的犯罪嫌疑人消费习惯、财务状况等都属于敏感信息,与用户的隐私紧密相连,对此应有限制。对犯罪嫌疑人财产权的侵犯主要可能存在于两个维度:一方面,根据币种不同,有的虚拟货币价值起伏较大,公安机关对其进行刑事处置时币值可能处于低点,使犯罪嫌疑人遭受不应有的财产损失。另一方面,由于没有统一的虚拟货币处置标准,公安机关刑事处置过程中可能出现不当扩大处置范围,波及犯罪嫌疑人合法获取的虚拟货币;与第三方机构约定的中介费、手续费过高等减少犯罪嫌疑人积极财产、增加其消极财产的情况。

(二)其他权利人权利

其他权利人包括被害人和案外第三人。虚拟货币虽然不具有法定货币地位,但其财产性质不应被否认。在陈某等诈骗案10中,法院“裁判观点”明确虚拟货币属于刑法应当保护的财物,“虽不具有法偿性和流通性,但不能就此认定以虚拟货币为对象实施的危害行为具有正当性、合法性。”被害人或者案外第三人的虚拟货币因受骗、出借等原因落入犯罪嫌疑人之手,且与所涉刑事案件无关或者不应受处置的,对权利人合法拥有的虚拟货币应当返还;而对司法机关刑事处置有异议的,被害人或者第三人同样有提出申诉或异议的权利。

四、结语

我国虚拟货币相关制度较为笼统,不能及时回应和解决实践需要是虚拟货币刑事处置有风险、不合规问题产生的重要原因。当前的虚拟货币刑事处置在程序、方式、权利保障方面的合法合规均有较大改进空间,对虚拟货币的刑事处置应当尊重虚拟货币特性,与时俱进。虚拟货币的刑事处置是司法实践中日益显化、亟待解决的课题,对其的统一和规范有待制度和实操的共同完善。

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