NEAR上的极光世界：全文解读 EVM 兼容链 Aurora 及其产品线

火星财经Pubblicato 2022-05-27Pubblicato ultima volta 2022-05-27

Introduzione

Aurora 之于 Near 就像，C-Chain 之于 Avalanche，Moonbeam 之于 Polkadot，Evmos 之于 Cosmos。

什么是 Aurora Engine

Aurora Engine 是 Near 上用 Rust 写的一组智能合约，是 Near 上支持 EVM 开发的解决方案与工具集
Aurora Engine 核心基于 SputnikVM(来自 Parity 的 Rust EVM 实现)，可以无缝部署 Solidity 合约。完全支持 MetaMask/Remix/Truffle/HardHat/OpenZepplin 等现有 EVM 开发工具。
Aurora 享受 Near 的一切技术优势，随着 Near 的动态分片逐步上线，Aurora 也将成为第一个真正意义上支持分片的 EVM。这是非常值得期待的，Aurora + Near 被很多人看做 ETH2.0 的先行网。
Aurora 不是 Moonbeam/Evmos/Polygon 这样链级别的 EVM 层，而是更像合约级别的 Layer2。拥有自己的 RPC 服务，Execution 在 Aurora 节点上执行，Settlement 和 DA 放在 Near 上，所以安全级别等同于 Near 的安全级别。Gas Fee 使用 $ETH 结算，非常方便部署在以太坊上合约的迁移。
总结起来就是，对于以太坊，Aurora 就是侧链。对于 Near，Aurora 就是 Layer2。作为 Rust 智能合约实现的 EVM 运行环境，无需维护自己的共识与节点。这样的协议我暂时只见过 Aurora。
这里吐槽下，我没有找到 Aurora 的白皮书。可能 Alex 是不喜欢写字，只喜欢撸代码那种吧 ...

架构

Execution Interface
底层与 Near Core Api 交互
上层提供与 EVM 交互的 RPC 服务(Deploy Contract/Call Method/View Method)
Token Interface
底层与 Rainbow Bridge 交互
上层提供符合 FT Standard(NIP-141/NIP-145/NIP-148) 的各种资产的跨链与操作

流程

Aurora Engine

用户发送签名的 ETH 交易至 RPC 代理服务(下文会提到的 Aurora Plus 服务)

Submit Wraped ETH Tx

RPC 节点包裹 ETH 交易到 Near 交易中，并发送 Near 交易到 Near 节点
Near 节点解开包裹信息，计算交易费并将 Eth 交易信息作为参数调用 Aurora 的合约接口
Aurora Engine 执行 Eth 交易并计算实际使用 Gas，支付 Gas Fee 给 RPC 代理

优势

扩展性
Aurora Engine 底层扩展依赖于 Near 的动态分片技术的扩展能力，本质上 Aurora 的扩展能力等同于 Near 的扩展能力。
费率
从流程中可以看出交易底层的 Gas 其实是用 $NEAR 支付的，依赖于 Near 的低费率，最终交易费率也比以太坊一层便宜 500 倍，这还只是在未开放分片的情况下，分片逐步开放后费率只会更低
Auroa Engine 也在不断优化，使用更少的 GasFee($NEAR), 支持执行更多的 EVM 工作，这个也是最近几个版本更新的重点
互操作性
因为 Aurora Engine 本质是 Near 上的一组智能合约，和 Near 上其它合约交互也就是合约级别的交互了，非常方便和安全。

Ref Finance

最近 Near 上的原生 DEX - Ref Finance 上线了 Liquidity Aggregation 功能。Ref 直接可以使用 Aurora 和 Near 生态内的流动性，进行最优价格路径的组合，进行交易。最厉害的地方在于所有操作都在 Ref 的面板上就可以完成。这个是 Aurora 互操作性最好的体现。

Liquidity Aggregation

Liquidity Aggregation 原理是通过 Aurora 提供的 SDK 进行 Aurora 内部生态数据的检索寻找最优价格。然后通过 Aurora 的 cross-network contract call 就可以仅使用 Near 账户在 Aurora 内进行 Swap 操作，最后再通过 Rainbow Bridge 将资产跨回 Near。Cosmos 近期开放的 Interchain Account 功能，其实在 Near 和 Aurora 上已经有了成品，而且安全性也是高了一个等级的！

数据

Aurora 的账户数量已经突破 900k, 从今年 4 月起有较快增速。对比 Avalanche C-Chain 的 3000k 和 Arbitrum 的 600k, 增速不错，短期还有较大增速空间。

TVL

Aurora 的 TVL 在 5 月达到峰值 1.4b，后续因为大盘回落趋势下降到 411m。TVL 和独立地址增速有较强关联性。和 Arbitrum 的 2.6b 峰值以及 Avalanche 的 13b 峰值还有较大差距。

Rainbow Bridge
什么是 Rainbow Bridge

Rainbow Bridge 是去中心化的轻节点类型跨链协议，和 Aurora Engine 共同组成 Aurora Runtime
目前支持 ETH/Near/Aurora 之间的代币跨链，会逐步开放其它链
不限于通证转账，未来会支持通用型信息跨链来实现跨链互操作

架构

Rainbow Bridge Roles

轻节点 (Light Clients)
ETHOnNear Client
用 Rust 实现的一组合约，用于在 Near 上记录以太坊的区块头信息
使用 Prover 检验 Near 端有效性 (Event/State/TX)，预先计算 DAG 文件，保存默克尔树根
NearOnEth Client
用 Solidity 实现的一组合约，用于在以太坊上记录 Near 的区块头信息
使用 Prover 检验 ETH 端有效性 (Execution/State/TX)
因为以太坊对于 Near 所使用的 Ed25519 签名支持的缺失，所以 NearOnEth 轻节点的签名验证使用乐观证明模式 (Optimistic), 通过 WatchDog 来进行有效性挑战
中继 (Relays)
Relay 是运行在服务器上的一组脚本，负责读取链上的区块信息并发送区块头给轻节点记录上链
Eth2Near Relay
发送 ETH 区块头给 EthOnNear Client，每个新的 ETH 区块都发送
Near2Eth Relay
发送 Near 区块头发给 NearOnEth Client，每四小时发送一次 (挑战期)
WatchDog
监控提交的 Near 区块头签名有效性。因为以太坊对于 Near 所使用的 Ed25519 签名支持的缺失，无法验证签名，NearOnEth Client 变成了 Optimistic 客户端，所以需要挑战
EIP665 上线后以太坊会提供 Ed25519 签名的 precompile, 之后就可以取消 WatchDog 和 4 小时的挑战期
Connectors
跨链两端的一组智能合约，定义跨链时两端资产具体遵循的标准 (ERC-20/NEP-141 等) 与操作 (Lock/Transfer/Mint/Burn 等)。对于以太坊现在有 ETH Connector/ERC-20 Connector/Near Connector。
未来可以创建新的 Connector 作为 Rainbow Bridge 前端插件来进行资产和数据的跨链 (NTF Connector/DAO Connector)

流程

用户在源链发送签名交易到 Rainbow Bridge 前端
Rainbow Bridge 前端与 Connector 交互，进行资产的 Lock 等操作
基于这次的交易信息，前端生成一个 Proof 证明源链上发生了交易
等待 Relay 将区块信息同步到目标链的轻节点上
提供之前生成的 Proof 给目标链的对应 Connector
目标链 Connector 检查目标链的轻节点区块，并自行生成一个 Proof
比对两次生成的 Proof 是否一致，目标链 Connector 进行资产的 Mint 等操作
完成跨链

Aurora Plus
什么是 Aurora Plus

Aurora Plus Services

Aurora Plus 是服务于 Aurora 用户的一系列会员制服务。现在的主力业务是 Aurora Lab 提供的中心化 RPC 服务，与大家熟悉的 Infura/Alchemy 是同类产品, 目标是大规模商用市场。还有一系列 Staking/Governence/KYC 等服务于整个生态和用户的功能，下文会说明。

什么是 RPC 服务

RPC 是远程过程调用框架 (Remote Procedure Call Protocol)，不是协议。RPC 在分布式系统中提供了类似于调用本地方法一样调用接口的功能，简化了分布式系统相互调用服务时的复杂度与耦合度。
其它 RPC 服务商也有提供 Aurora 的 RPC 服务，当然你也可以运行自己的 Aurora RPC 服务。
Aurora Plus 提供的 RPC 服务和大多数 RPC 服务一样，个人用户有免费 RPC 使用限制，当然也有专业用户计划

其它服务

Staking
Aurora Plus 另一个重要的会员服务就是 Staking 与 Airdrop 聚合服务。通过质押 $AURORA 来获得治理权，同时通过国库的提案与生态内多个项目合作，获得项目代币 Airdrop
$AURORA 的 staking 是 auto-compound 的，Claim 收益时会有一个冷静期，同时根据质押时间也会有一个 Booster 倍数激励
Booster 意在激励早期支持者，同时分散化代币持有以及限制鲸鱼用户 (大多数私募还在 lock 阶段)。现在 $AURORA 的 Stake 有 4 倍的奖励倍数，之后奖励倍数会线性递减到 2027 年，每次新的 Stake 的 Boost 倍数都会被单独计算，之前 Stake 的 Boost 倍数不受影响。每次 Unstake 任意数量 $AURORA 都会导致还在 Staked 的 $AURORA 被重新计算 Boost 倍数。auto-compound 的部分没有 Booster。
生态内现在合作的项目已经有：
Bastion
Aurigami
USN
Trisolar
Governance
将来会实现基于质押时间权重的投票权
国库的所有行为也会通过提案来治理，其中会有 200million 的 $Aurora 用来激励整个生态，其它的国库 Grant，平台变动，项目启动等也会进行治理
Private Transaction
Aurora Plus 与 Near 合作对交易的 MEV 攻击提出了很好的解决方案，可以更好的保证交易的隐私性从而避免机器人抢跑和三明治攻击等
KYC/DID
Aurora Plus 还将提供 KYC 服务，KYC 记录在 Near 上。同时还会提供通过 TouchID/FaceID 等物理验证方式作为 DID(Decentrilize Identity) 授权方式 (之前只有 Dfinity 实现了这种 TEE 的 DID 授权方式)
Near 生态内现在还没有出现做 KYC 的项目，现在看来作为 Near 流量入口的 Aurora Plus 其实是最适合来做这个事的。Aurora Lab 作为实体企业也会为 KYC 的可信度做背书。
Bussiness Account
Aurora Plus 提供了 Business Account，项目方可以使用这类账户来管理大量子账户，代替用户创建管理以及支付使用费用。虽然看起来非常不 web3，但是不能否认对于大规模商用这种模式的必要性。
官方给出的一个用例一个游戏开发商可以在底层集成这种账户模式，对于游戏玩家来说，操作上是完全无感的，和之前不会有太多区别。这个服务也体现了 Near 生态一直以来的产品目标 - 让 web2 用户无感的过渡到 web3 世界。

Aurora 对于 Near 的意义

Aurora 之于 Near 就像，C-Chain 之于 Avalanche，Moonbeam 之于 Polkadot，Evmos 之于 Cosmos。是非 EVM 原生支持的区块链最重要的组件，也是整个链生态起始的地方。
Co-Funder Alex 也是 Near 团队的创始人之一，非常了解 Near，和 Near 团队非常紧密的合作和推进新功能的上线，对于 Near 来说提供了最好的试验田，我记得之前的 Staking Farm 功能就是 Aurora 第一时间集成上线的，所以说 Aurora 是 Near 的第一方团队应该没人意见。
Aurora 也是 Near 的 TVL 担当，近期一系列活动吸引了大量的资金把 Near 重新推回到了公链舞台的聚光灯下。Aurora 生态发展非常迅猛，几乎所有品类的产品都在持续上线，配合 Aurora Plus 的助力，非常有希望把 Near 再次带到 web2 用户领域。
Aurora 和 Octopus Network 以及 Near Core Team 被称为 Near 开发铁三角，现在看来确实缺一不可，Aurora 在前期为 Near 赚足了眼球和 TVL，Octopus 为未来的应用链普及打下了基础，Near 团队则在底层不断推进夜影协议的上线，三方都在为未来的大规模商用齐心协力！

参考
https://youtu.be/TpWtYBdKD6s
https://youtu.be/nX8GT-z9fDU
https://doc.aurora.dev/getting-started/aurora-engine
https://medium.com/nearprotocol/aurora-engine-2-4-0-release-6e0697385987
https://near.org/blog/aurora-launches-near
https://aurora.dev/blog/2021-how-the-rainbow-bridge-works
https://ref-finance.medium.com/introducing-multi-chain-liquidity-aggregation-2441a9c5e1e8

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Come comprare AURORA

Benvenuto in HTX.com! Abbiamo reso l'acquisto di Aurora (AURORA) semplice e conveniente. Segui la nostra guida passo passo per intraprendere il tuo viaggio nel mondo delle criptovalute.Step 1: Crea il tuo Account HTXUsa la tua email o numero di telefono per registrarti il tuo account gratuito su HTX. Vivi un'esperienza facile e sblocca tutte le funzionalità,Crea il mio accountStep 2: Vai in Acquista crypto e seleziona il tuo metodo di pagamentoCarta di credito/debito: utilizza la tua Visa o Mastercard per acquistare immediatamente AuroraAURORA.Bilancio: Usa i fondi dal bilancio del tuo account HTX per fare trading senza problemi.Terze parti: abbiamo aggiunto metodi di pagamento molto utilizzati come Google Pay e Apple Pay per maggiore comodità.P2P: Fai trading direttamente con altri utenti HTX.Over-the-Counter (OTC): Offriamo servizi su misura e tassi di cambio competitivi per i trader.Step 3: Conserva Aurora (AURORA)Dopo aver acquistato Aurora (AURORA), conserva nel tuo account HTX. In alternativa, puoi inviare tramite trasferimento blockchain o scambiare per altre criptovalute.Step 4: Scambia Aurora (AURORA)Scambia facilmente Aurora (AURORA) nel mercato spot di HTX. Accedi al tuo account, seleziona la tua coppia di trading, esegui le tue operazioni e monitora in tempo reale. Offriamo un'esperienza user-friendly sia per chi ha appena iniziato che per i trader più esperti.

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Discussioni

Benvenuto nella Community HTX. Qui puoi rimanere informato sugli ultimi sviluppi della piattaforma e accedere ad approfondimenti esperti sul mercato. Le opinioni degli utenti sul prezzo di AURORA AURORA sono presentate come di seguito.