美国债务危机恶化,BTC有望持续上扬?

巴伦周刊Pubblicato 2023-05-17Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-05-17

Introduzione

在利率上升时期,黄金价格的上涨实际上是对美国财政状况和美元的国际地位发出的预警信号。

美国债务上限这个话题已经变得和人们聊天气一样:所有人都在谈论它,但没人为此做些什么。在华盛顿,相关谈判仍在继续,然而白宫和国会共和党人依然僵持不下。

从历史经验来看,这个问题不太可能在“X日”(即财政部资金耗尽之日)之前得到解决。

美国财政部长耶伦称“X日”将在6月1日到来,目前华尔街缺乏波动性,看不到明显的涨跌趋势,只有股市大幅下跌,才最有可能促成协议的达成。

资深华盛顿观察人士、AGF Investments首席美国政策策略师格雷格·瓦利埃(Greg Valliere)认为,在债务违约期限日临近之际,美国国会可能会又一次推迟采取行动的时间,或许会拖到7月4日国会休会前,甚至有可能拖到9月30日当前财年结束之前。

另一方面,在美联储最近一次加息之后,投资者一直在转向传统的避险阵地:短期货币市场。目前短期货币市场的收益率接近5%,自2008-2009年金融危机暴发前以来,无风险回报率从未没有达到如此高的水平。

与此同时,金价已悄悄逼近历史高点。一些人可能认为,收益率上升对于没有利息的黄金来说是一个负面因素,但事实证明,在各国央行提高外汇储备多元化程度(减持美元,增持黄金)之际,收益率上升并没有阻止黄金上涨的步伐。

虽然在债务上限问题上争论不休,但“山姆大叔”在债券市场上筹集数十亿美元资金并没有遇到什么困难。不过具有讽刺意味的是,“山姆大叔”发现,虽然过去一周市场对30年期债券的需求强劲,但要想借到30天期以下的资金,“山姆大叔”不得不支付更高的利息。

上周四(5月11日)拍卖的4周期国库券贴现率高达5.605%,相当于5.723%的债券收益率,原因是投资者显然很担心债务违约可能意味着他们无法在6月13日到期时按时获得偿付。相比之下,同一天拍卖的8周期国库券的贴现率要低得多,为4.680%,相当于4.793%的债券收益率。

参与竞标的机构愿意接受低得多的收益率是因为,他们确信,假设届时新的债务上限能够确定,那么在7月11日到期时,2个月期国库券将顺利获得支付。包括“债券之王”比尔·格罗斯(Bill Gross)在内的其他人建议以“远高于”长期债券收益率的利率购买1个月期和2个月期国库券,尽管目前存在美国有史以来第一次无法按时偿还债务的危险。

很少有人注意到黄金的稳步上涨。根据道琼斯的数据,5月4日,纽约商品交易所当月黄金期货合约价格触及每盎司2048美元的52周高点,仅略低于2020年8月6日创下的2051.50美元的纪录。后来当月黄金期货合约价格从高点回落,上周四收于每盎司2014.70美元,但自年初以来仍上涨10.72%,高于标普500指数同期7.58%的涨幅。

券商Strategas以丹尼尔·克利夫顿(Daniel Clifton)为首的华盛顿政策观察人士在发给客户的报告中指出,更值得注意的是,目前金价走势与2011年夏季走势类似,当时美国处于债务上限危机中,评级公司标准普尔(Standard & Poor 's)首次将美国信用评级从AAA下调至AA+。

在利率上升的时期,金价的上涨实际上是对美国的财政状况和美元的国际地位发出的一种预警信号。世界黄金协会(World Gold Council)的数据显示,全球央行第一季度增加了228吨黄金储备,在此之前,全球央行在2022年增加了1136吨黄金储备,当年中国央行恢复了对黄金的购买。

不断上升的地缘政治风险和通胀压力刺激了黄金需求,尤其是在俄乌冲突暴发后、西方对俄罗斯实施制裁以来。虽然持有黄金的机会成本上升了,但围绕政府制裁对由美元主导的全球金融体系影响的担忧显然占了上风。

此外还有对债务、违约和通胀这些更常见的担忧因素。然而Strategas的观察人士指出,华盛顿弥漫着一种自满情绪,认为债务上限是一个政治问题,而不是经济或金融问题,尽管他们也看到了美国的偿债成本出现了“爆炸式”增加。

在过去10年的低利率时代,美国国会可以在不增加融资成本的前提下减税和增加支出,Strategas的观察人士在报告中写道:“现在没有免费的午餐了。”40年来,美国的偿债成本第一次上升,4月份12.7%的税收收入被用于支付利息,较上年同期的11.7%大幅上升,导致其他支出的空间变小。

从历史上看,当利息净支出占到税收收入的14%时,就相当于金融市场通过推高借贷利率迫使政府恢复财政纪律。Strategas的观察人士说:“‘债券义勇军(bond vigilantes)迟早会来,债务上限只是拉开了序幕而已。”

还有另一条出路。正如哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院经济学家卡门·莱因哈特(Carmen Reinhart)之前指出的,真正减轻政府债务负担有时是通过“金融抑制”(financial repression)实现的,即通货膨胀和利率抑制二者的结合。实际上,这相当于对债券持有人征收的隐性税(债券持有人得到的是美元,而美元的价值因通胀而下降)。

20世纪70年代,债券被讽刺为“充公券”(certificates of confiscation),因为那时债券已经丧失了实际价值。到了1980年1月,黄金从布雷顿森林体系下每盎司35美元的固定价格飙升至800美元以上,抵消了固定收益资产被征收的“通货膨胀税”。

现在,金价的上涨看起来又一次成为“债务风暴”即将到来的预警信号。

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