老股暗流:谁在从中国大模型公司悄悄套现?

marsbitPubblicato 2026-05-07Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-05-07

时间走到今天,智谱上市已有4个多月时间,其股价从116.20港元上市价格,涨到1001港元。这个背景下,故事逐渐展开。

2024年4月的一个下午,一位投资人在朋友圈看到了那则消息,随后把手机扣在桌上沉默了很久。

消息说,月之暗面创始人杨植麟在完成10亿美元融资后,通过出售个人持股套现了数千万美金。"公司成立才一年。"这位投资人后来说,"他比他的投资人先出来了。"

月之暗面随即否认了这则消息,但否认本身反而放大了争议。

争议在于几个关键词:老股、价值和财富。

几个月后,朱啸虎以循环智能老股东身份在香港提起仲裁,2024年年底,杨植麟被迫公开发文回应。一场围绕老股的纠纷,变成了整个创投圈最漫长的一幕闹剧。

没有人错了——因为根本没有规则。

这是2026年中国大模型产业最少被正式讨论、但几乎每个从业者私下都绕不开的话题:当"AI六小龙"集体冲向港交所,隐藏在融资轮次背后的老股市场,究竟在发生什么?

谁在卖,谁在买,谁被困住了,谁提前走了?

同一张牌桌,不同的手

2023年春天,当杨植麟从循环智能分拆出来创办月之暗面时,整个大模型赛道几乎还是一片混沌。那时没有人知道哪家会跑出来,也没有人预料到仅仅两年后,这批公司会以如此不同的姿态站在各自的命运节点上。

有些投资人已经率先冲进去了,但仍有一大部分,仍在谨慎的观望。

彼时的"六小龙"——智谱、MiniMax、月之暗面、阶跃星辰、百川智能、零一万物——融资累计超过60亿元人民币,占据国内大模型早期融资总额的一半以上。它们共享同一批投资人,竞争同一批算力资源,争抢同一批顶尖工程师。

在外人眼里,它们是一个整体;在GP的投资组合里,它们是命运高度相关的一组赌注。

这个语境之下,竞争是一件好事,只有有充分竞争的市场,才有可能被炒得更热。2026年初,这组赌注的分化速度,比所有人预计的都快。

智谱和MiniMax已经登陆港交所。智谱上市后一个月内市值暴涨7倍,MiniMax同步高歌猛进,两家市销率一度高达550倍。港股给出的定价,远超任何人在一级市场时的预期。

月之暗面在跨年夜刚完成5亿美元C轮,杨植麟在全员信里说"不着急上市",但消息随即传来,公司正悄悄加速IPO节奏。就在最近,月之暗面即将完成新一轮20亿美元(约合人民币140亿元)融资,投后估值破200亿美元(约合人民币1400亿元)。阶跃星辰以50亿元刷新大模型单笔融资纪录,Pre-IPO融资正在进行,印奇出任董事长,港交所的大门已在眼前。

而百川智能宣布放弃通用大模型,全力转型AI医疗;零一万物解散预训练团队,转向垂直场景。两家公司的融资记录此后陷入静默。

同一张牌桌,同一批入局时间的玩家,两年后的处境判若云泥。

投资人的账单

理解这场分化,需要先理解坐在牌桌另一侧的那些人——那些在2022年前后把钱押进去、此刻正盯着屏幕上那串数字的机构。

君联资本与其管理的社保中关村专项基金是智谱最大的外部投资人。他们在2022年、2023年、2024、2025年多次投资智谱,成为智谱最大的机构投资人。他们在智谱的多轮融资里合计投入6.2亿元,同时通过老股转让拿到更多筹码,最终持有2710.9万股。

这是一道简单的算术题:2026年1月智谱上市后,这部分股权的账面价值超过31.5亿港元。账面回报超过4倍。

但这道算术题的解法,远比算式本身复杂。

"我们在2022年初就看到了这个方向。"一位参与过智谱早期融资的机构人士说,"但那时候ChatGPT还没出来,大模型是什么很多LP根本不理解。你要在内部过会,要说服委员会,要应对'这公司什么时候能赚钱'的追问——光是这个过程,就已经是一场考验了。"

考验并没有在投进去之后结束。2022年年底ChatGPT横空出世,智谱的估值开始急速攀升。这时出现了第一个真实的决策压力:要不要在某一轮参与老股转让,提前锁定部分收益?

按照行业惯例,当一级市场项目出现大幅增值时,部分LP会通过老股转让实现阶段性退出。但如果转让了,后续上市后的增值就与你无关。智谱从B2轮的5亿美元估值,再到上市后突破4000亿港元,每一个时间节点的卖出,都意味着与后续涨幅的永久告别。

君联的选择是:持续加注,不做提前退出。最终的账单证明这个判断正确,但在做出这个判断的每一个当下,没有人知道结局。

君联管理的社保中关村专项基金也参与了智谱的投资。这一细节通常被略过,但它的意义值得停留一下:智谱这场财富故事的参与者,包括社保资金。这笔最具公共属性的长期资金,最终和市场化机构一起,分享了中国AI崛起的红利。

整个六龙老股图谱里,最没人追问的,是米哈游投MiniMax这笔钱。

2021年,游戏公司米哈游以2亿美元估值进入MiniMax,是它的天使投资方。那一年,米哈游刚凭借《原神》完成全球爆红,正处于公司史上最高光的时刻。

为什么是一家游戏公司,在那个节点,以天使轮身份入场大模型?这个问题从来没有得到正式解答。是判断AI生成内容会颠覆游戏产业的防御性押注?是对MiniMax创始人闫俊杰的个人信任——他曾是商汤副总裁,游戏与AI的交集是真实的?还是早于行业共识的战略前瞻?

2026年1月MiniMax上市,投资账面赚了约百亿。随着MiniMax股价的上涨,这个数字,仍在不断向上攀登。

这个结果让这个问题变得更值得追问,因为一笔成功的投资背后,埋着的是决策逻辑——而这个逻辑,是可以复用的。

同一轮融资,成本差了50%

如果说前面的故事是已经发生的历史,阶跃星辰的Pre-IPO,是一场正在实时上演的博弈,也是中国大模型老股市场最赤裸的截面。

2026年初,阶跃星辰Pre-IPO融资分两拨交割:第一拨投前估值约40亿美元,第二拨已涨至50-60亿美元。同一笔融资,前后两拨买家,入场成本相差将近50%。

不仅是大模型领域,如今的具身智能赛道,这一幕几乎每天都在上演。

这个结构在正常的融资市场里几乎不会出现。它的出现,说明两件事同时成立:一、对这个标的有需求的买家多到可以在短时间内哄抬估值;二、后进来的买家,愿意为这种哄抬支付溢价。

他们愿意支付溢价的唯一理由,是智谱和MiniMax上市后的表现——550倍市销率。那个倍数,变成了后进入者最有力的自我说服工具:港股会给出更高的溢价,我不是最后一个买单的人。

一个业内的笑话是,有人问投资人“你怎么看待某个具身智能项目?”投资人回答:“他就像一个长相非常普通的同学,但有一天,突然全校人都在追她/他。”

每一个参与大模型融资的人,都在同一个逻辑里转圈。

这时,老股的流向就更为巧妙,有人害怕想要提前退,有人坚定看好未来。孰是孰非?没有定论。

没有市场的老股

六小龙里,最少被提及的案例,恰恰是理解整个市场最不可缺少的部分。

百川智能和零一万物,选择了战略收缩。前者放弃通用大模型,押注AI医疗;后者解散预训练团队,转向垂直行业服务。两家公司的融资公告在这一节点后近乎消失。

这意味着,它们的早期投资人手里,握着一批没有定价锚的老股。

智谱的老股可以参照港股市值;月之暗面有最新一轮200亿美元的估值标尺;阶跃星辰的Pre-IPO正在实时定价。但百川和零一的老股,市场愿意给多少?行业地位换了,赛道叙事变了,估值参照消失了。

更冷酷的现实是流动性。大模型赛道的买家本就集中,当两家公司放弃了"通用大模型"这个最性感的标签,潜在的老股接盘方会进一步缩减。这些股权将以什么方式、什么价格找到出口,是整个赛道里悬而未决的问题。

同一批机构,同一个年份入场的投资组合,赢家的老股被人排队抢购,输家的老股几乎找不到市场——这种极度分化的流动性结构,才是中国大模型投资周期最真实的底色,远比那些亮眼的回报数字更需要被记住。

那些还没落袋的钱和规则的欠账

从机构回到个人,六龙老股图谱里还有一条被忽略的暗线:员工。

智谱883名员工中,452人持有公司股份。这个51.2%的持股比例,在中国科技公司里属于罕见的高水平,被外界解读为智谱对人才激励的重视。上市后,这批员工账面上的财富实现了质的飞跃。

但同一套体系里,还有一个沉默的群体:离职员工。

按照行业通行的期权协议,员工离职后通常只有90天的行权窗口,过期作废。行权意味着要自己掏钱,以约定的行权价买入老股,再等待上市解锁。在公司估值飙升而IPO时间不确定的窗口期,这道门槛对大多数人来说难以跨越——要么拿出一大笔现金赌一个未知的时间点,要么永久放弃。

这是中国AI创业公司期权机制最本质的结构性问题:期权作为留人工具被广泛发放,但变现通道的设计,始终由公司单方面掌握。对于那些在公司高速成长期离开的人来说,他们参与了创造,但可能永远无缘分享。

在美国,这套问题已经有了相对成熟的解法。Forge Global、CartaX等二级市场平台提供报价与撮合,优先购买权条款在股东协议里有明确界定,连续创业者的老股东权益补偿也有行业惯例可循。Anthropic最近的二级市场挂牌对应估值超过一万亿美元,信息公开,可以查证。

中国没有这些。大模型公司的老股交易至今在私下撮合,没有公开报价,没有定价标准,没有流动性基础设施。曾有人评论了一句话,至今是整个市场最诚实的描述:"连续创业者上一次创业是否收拾干净、老投资人利益到底怎么算,目前业内没有通行做法。"

这不是一个单家公司的问题,也不是某一个创始人或者机构的道德问题。这是整个一级市场在这轮AI浪潮中积累的制度欠账——市场跑得太快,规则没有跟上。

六龙各有各的命。有人已经在港交所敲了锣,有人还在等窗口,有人的老股被人排队抢,有人的老股找不到买家。财富在各个层次以各种方式流动:机构账面回报从4倍到颗粒无收,员工从千万富翁到期权归零,创始人在套现与仲裁之间走钢丝。

这场分化还没有结束。赢家的故事很容易讲,而且每天都有新的。

那些还没落袋的钱、那些还没厘清的规则、那些还没被追问的决策——才是这场盛宴真正值得被记录的部分。

本文来自微信公众号“融中财经”(ID:thecapital),作者:阿布,编辑:吾人

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