¿Por qué Spark optó por retirarse el mismo día que Aave introdujo rsETH?

marsbitPublished on 2026-04-20Last updated on 2026-04-20

Abstract

El 18 de abril, Kelp DAO sufrió un ataque en su puente cross-chain, resultando en la acuñación de 116.500 rsETH sin respaldo real, que luego se depositaron en Aave para tomar préstamos de WETH. El Guardian de Aave congeló el mercado en horas, pero el daño potencial se estima en 195 millones de dólares. SparkLend, protocolo de MakerDAO, no registró pérdidas. La diferencia clave ocurrió el 29 de enero: Spark ejecutó una propuesta de gobierno para desactivar nuevos depósitos de rsETH debido a su baja utilización y alta concentración en un único usuario, mejorando así su perfil de riesgo. Ese mismo día, Aave activó el E-Mode para rsETH, permitiendo un LTV del 93% para impulsar el crecimiento. Spark aplica un enfoque preventivo: elimina activos de bajo uso o alto riesgo ajustado, con límites estrictos de suministro y préstamo, y un oráculo de tres fuentes para precios. Aave prioriza la expansión y el crecimiento, con parámetros más flexibles. El resultado: Aave enfrenta una exposición masiva, mientras Spark limitó su riesgo residual a 37.300 dólares en rsETH. La brecha de 195 millones refleja filosofías opuestas: eficiencia y control versus oportunidad y escala.

El 18 de abril, el puente cross-chain de Kelp DAO sufrió un ataque, en el que el atacante acuñó 116,500 tokens rsETH sin respaldo de activos reales, que luego fueron depositados en Aave para tomar préstamos de WETH. El Guardian de Aave activó la congelación de emergencia en cuestión de horas. Según estimaciones on-chain de Lookonchain, la deuda incobrable potencial para Aave V3 y V4 es de aproximadamente 195 millones de dólares.

Por el contrario, SparkLend, el protocolo de préstamos del ecosistema MakerDAO (Sky), no registró pérdidas.

Esto no se debe a que el equipo de Spark sea más inteligente que el de Aave, ni a que hayan detectado previamente la vulnerabilidad del puente cross-chain. La razón de la salida de Spark de rsETH estaba escrita en una publicación del foro de gobernanza de hace 3 meses, y no tenía nada que ver con la seguridad del contrato del puente.

El 29 de enero de 2026 es la fecha central de este artículo. Ese día, Spark ejecutó una operación de gobernanza llamada Spell, que detuvo la admisión de nuevos suministros de rsETH. El mismo día, el modo E-Mode para rsETH de Aave se activó oficialmente, permitiendo a los usuarios utilizar rsETH como garantía para pedir préstamos de WETH, con un ratio de préstamo máximo (LTV) del 93%.

Una retirada y una expansión, el mismo día.

La decisión de retirada de Spark comenzó con una publicación de gobernanza presentada por PhoenixLabs (el brazo ejecutivo del ecosistema Spark) el 16 de enero de 2026. La razón era sencilla: la tasa de utilización de rsETH era baja, casi todo el uso provenía de una misma billetera (dirección on-chain 0xb99a), y el titular de dicha billetera ya había expresado su disposición a utilizar garantías alternativas como wstETH o weETH. La publicación original de gobernanza decía: "La salida de rsETH puede mejorar el margen de seguridad de SparkLend y aumentar el rendimiento ajustado al riesgo". Esta fue una limpieza periódica de activos; en el mismo lote se retiraron tBTC, ezETH y todo el mercado de Gnosis Chain, con la razón unificada de "baja tasa de utilización".

La decisión de expansión de Aave comenzó antes, a partir de una propuesta iniciada por ACI (Aave Chan Initiative, el organismo de propuestas de gobernanza liderado por Marc Zeller) el 17 de noviembre de 2025. La motivación de la propuesta era clara: "Restaurar la utilización de WETH, con la expectativa de atraer una entrada de 1,000 millones de dólares en rsETH". Chaos Labs confirmó los parámetros de riesgo en enero, estableciendo un LTV en E-Mode del 93% y un umbral de liquidación del 95%. Los actores que participaron en la decisión incluyeron a ACI, Chaos Labs, LlamaRisk y los votantes de la comunidad de Aave. Esta fue una decisión de expansión impulsada por múltiples partes, no un error de una sola organización.

Tres meses después, el mercado dio su veredicto.

En el mecanismo de seguro Umbrella actual de Aave, los fondos disponibles son de aproximadamente 50 millones de dólares, lo que cubre solo el 25% de los aproximadamente 195 millones de dólares de deuda incobrable potencial. El orden de absorción de pérdidas es: primero las soportan los titulares de aWETH, luego los depositantes de WETH proporcionalmente, seguidos por los titulares de stkAAVE y el tesoro del DAO. El TVL de Aave cayó de 26,400 millones de dólares a 19,800 millones de dólares, lo que incluye retiros por pánico. La tasa de utilización del mercado de USDT alcanzó el 100% en cuestión de horas, con un nuevo volumen de préstamos de aproximadamente 300 millones de dólares.

En el mercado de rsETH de SparkLend, el valor residual congelado actual es de 37,300 dólares, es decir, 15.32 tokens rsETH. La billetera 0xb99a, tras la prohibición de nuevo suministro el 29 de enero, había migrado casi por completo a wstETH y weETH, coincidiendo exactamente con la predicción de la publicación de gobernanza.

El cofundador de Spark, Sam MacPherson (@hexonaut), señaló el 19 de abril: afirmar que un protocolo no tiene exposición al riesgo de rsETH no significa que realmente no la tenga; si los usuarios tienen garantías en mercados de préstamos afectados, la exposición indirecta aún existe. Spark no tuvo pérdidas directas, pero el riesgo indirecto aún se está evaluando.

Que dos protocolos tomaran decisiones opuestas el mismo día no significa que Spark o Aave hayan tomado la decisión correcta; los puntos de partida de los dos sistemas son completamente diferentes.

La lógica de gestión de riesgos de Spark se activa con la pregunta "¿El coste marginal supera el beneficio marginal?" Si la tasa de utilización está por debajo del umbral, la concentración de un único usuario supera el límite o el rendimiento ajustado al riesgo no cumple, cualquier incumplimiento coloca al activo en la lista de candidatos a retirada. Este es un mecanismo de restricción proactivo y orientado a la eficiencia, independientemente de si el activo en sí conlleva riesgos de seguridad.

El desencadenante de la lógica de Aave es la "oportunidad de crecimiento del mercado". La utilización de WETH era relativamente baja, el mercado de rsETH tenía un volumen suficientemente grande, y el E-Mode podía atraer capital incremental. Desde esta premisa, la dirección de los parámetros fue expansiva: LTV del 93%, límite de suministro flexible, impulsado por múltiples entidades de gobernanza.

Estos dos protocolos responden a preguntas completamente diferentes: "¿Vale la pena seguir manteniendo este activo?" versus "¿Cuánto crecimiento puede traer este activo?". Ambos enfoques eran lógicas comerciales razonables antes de que se desencadenara el evento de riesgo; el árbitro solo aparece después.

El resultado de seguridad de Spark tiene otro nivel de apoyo.

Sam MacPherson, en su publicación de X del 19 de abril anunciando la "salida de rsETH", mencionó: "SparkLend tiene límites máximos de depósito y préstamo con limitación de tasa. Su mecanismo de oráculo también utiliza la mediana de tres fuentes". Esta frase apunta a otras dos líneas de defensa en el sistema de gestión de riesgos de Spark.

Una es una restricción física durante la operación. El Límite de Suministro con Limitación de Tasa (Rate-Limited Supply Cap) restringe la cantidad máxima de suministro por unidad de tiempo, y el Límite de Préstamo (Borrow Cap) restringe el tamaño máximo de los préstamos. El significado de estos dos diseños es que, incluso si Spark no hubiera retirado rsETH en ese momento, el atacante no podría haber depositado 292 millones de dólares en rsETH de una sola vez como en Aave; la escala de la pérdida habría sido limitada por un tope fijo.

La otra línea de defensa está en la capa de información de precios: un oráculo de mediana triple, que toma la mediana de tres fuentes de precios independientes (Chronicle, Chainlink, RedStone), con un respaldo de TWAP de Uniswap en casos extremos. La manipulación de una única fuente de precios no afecta a la activación de las liquidaciones. En comparación, Aave enfrentó durante este evento una ventana de exposición debido al retraso en el precio del oráculo, una diferencia a nivel de diseño, no un error a nivel de ejecución.

La lógica de diseño de las tres líneas de defensa es consistente: no depender de la identificación anticipada de riesgos específicos, sino limitar a nivel sistémico la exposición máxima de cualquier evento de riesgo individual.

La cifra final de pérdidas depende del plan de distribución de pérdidas de Kelp DAO. Actualmente coexisten tres opciones: socializar las pérdidas entre todos los tenedores de rsETH en todas las cadenas (reduciendo el tamaño de la deuda incobrable), que los tenedores de rsETH en L2 asuman solos las pérdidas (la deuda incobrable en Aave en Mainnet permanece igual), o una reversión snapshot (de extrema dificultad operativa). Esta cifra tendrá respuesta en las próximas semanas.

Pero el resultado de las dos filosofías de decisión ya se puede cuantificar: una diferencia de aproximadamente 195 millones de dólares, desencadenada en la misma fecha, escrita en operaciones de gobernanza el mismo día.

Related Questions

Q¿Por qué Spark decidió retirar el rsETH el mismo día que Aave lo introdujo?

ASpark retiró el rsETH debido a su baja utilización y a la alta concentración en un único monedero, lo que mejoraba el margen de seguridad y los rendimientos ajustados al riesgo, según una publicación de gobernanza del 16 de enero de 2026.

Q¿Cuál fue el impacto financiero potencial para Aave tras el ataque al puente de Kelp DAO?

AAave enfrentó una deuda incobrable potencial de aproximadamente 195 millones de dólares debido al ataque, con un mecanismo de seguro que solo cubría alrededor del 25% de las pérdidas.

Q¿Qué medidas de control de riesgos implementó Spark para limitar la exposición a activos como rsETH?

ASpark implementó límites de tasa de suministro y préstamo, y un mecanismo de oráculo de mediana triple con Chronicle, Chainlink y RedStone, para limitar la exposición máxima a cualquier evento de riesgo.

Q¿Cómo difirieron las filosofías de decisión de Spark y Aave respecto al rsETH?

ASpark se centró en la eficiencia y el riesgo ajustado, retirando activos de baja utilización, mientras que Aave priorizó el crecimiento del mercado, expandiendo el rsETH con altos LTV para atraer capital.

Q¿Qué papel jugó el monedero 0xb99a en la decisión de Spark de retirar el rsETH?

AEl monedero 0xb99a representaba casi todo el uso de rsETH en Spark, y su voluntad de migrar a otros colaterales como wstETH facilitó la decisión de retirada basada en la concentración de usuarios.

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