比特币热潮正走回「 NFT泡沫」路上?为何机构大量储备,是加密市场的完美风暴

marsbitPublished on 2025-08-14Last updated on 2025-08-15

当华尔街的百年巨头如花旗银行 (Citigroup) 也开始公开探讨加密货币托管与支付服务时,市场的反应几乎是一致的:欢呼、雀跃,仿佛看到无尽的资金活水正准备涌入这片新兴的数字大陆。媒体标题高喊着「机构采用」,投资者们热烈讨论着贝莱德 (BlackRock) 的比特币 ETF (IBIT) 如何吸纳了惊人的 880 亿美元资产。这一切看起来,都像是加密货币从边缘走向主流的最终胜利宣言。

然而身为一个在资本浪潮中打滚超过十年的经济学背景人士,与货币理论实践者,我看到表面的欢腾与雀跃,底下可能埋藏的是结构性泡沫,一场将原生、自由的加密资产,巧妙地「铸造」成一种号称受完全相同,但实际上受限、且功能迥异的金融产品的过程。

若从货币银行学来解析过去的NFT热潮,可以看到用户将较有价值,且自由的、高流动性的资产,换置为价值难以衡量、低流动系的NFT时,许多传统经济学者认为这是典型的劣币驱逐良币,后来我们如愿见到了NFT的泡沫化,多数NFT都因为低流动性,换不回原本价值的一半。而现在实际上在加密货币领域上演的储备热潮,却事实上本质上与NFT热潮有类似迹象,机构从真实市场买入比特币作为储备,并且为其赋予价值或者透过监管、合规重新包装成号称一样具有的「比特币」,但事实上这已经是「华尔街的比特币 NFT」。这并非利好,而可能是一场完美风暴的序曲,尤其对于那些误以为搭上顺风车的投资者而言。

当比特币不再是比特币:华尔街如何将黄金「铸造」成纸上牢笼?

让我们从一个最根本的问题开始:你买的,真的是比特币吗?当一位投资者透过券商账户点击购买 BlackRock 的 IBIT 时,他获得的并不是比特币本身,而是一张代表比特币价格曝险的凭证,一个 IOU。这张凭证,与你我钱包里那个可以 24 小时、无国界、无需许可地发送给任何人的原生比特币 (BTC),是两种截然不同的资产。

这就是我认为「比特币 NFT」的核心概念,NFT (非同质化代币) 的一个关键特征,就是其独一无二且不可互换的性质。讽刺的是,华尔街正将原本「同质化」的比特币,透过 ETF 和托管服务,铸造成一种事实上的「非同质化」资产。一个在你冷钱包里的比特币,代表的是金融主权与抗审查的自由;而在机构托管下的比特币 ETF,代表的则是在美国证券交易委员会 (SEC) 监管下、只能在交易所开盘时间交易、且可能因地缘政治因素被冻结的金融工具。

两者的灵魂天差地远,这就像你拥有一块实体黄金,你可以随时将它熔化、携带、或埋在后院;而另一个人拥有的是一张黄金 ETF 凭证,他只能在特定规则下交易这张纸,却永远无法在晚上拿着它去马上换一袋米(像比特币可以透过支付购买)。数据显示,这场资产的「NFT 化」正在大规模上演。根据 Bitbo 的资料,截至 2025 年中,已有近 130 万枚比特币,约占总流通供给的 6.2%,被锁在美国的现货 ETF 金库中。而以太坊的情况同样如此,约有 7.85% 的供给被 ETF 和各类机构持有。这不是单纯的「供给减少」,这是一场权力的转移,将资产的控制权从分散的个人手中,集中到少数几个金融巨头的保险库里。

市场脆弱化:「链上活动」转向「宏观叙事」是危险信号?

这种结构性的转变,正从根本上改写加密市场的风险模型。过去一个加密资产的价值,很大程度上由其链上活动(比特币可能是矿工活动)的健康程度来支撑。将以太坊为例,其价格与 DeFi 的总锁仓价值 (TVL)、链上交易的活跃度、以及 Gas fee 的消耗息息相关。我们可以将其价值函数描述为 f(x, y),其中 x 代表「链上效用」,y 代表「市场需求」。在过去的牛市中,市场的状态是 (+, 0),即链上活动蓬勃,同时吸引投机零散热钱。

然而,现在的市场驱动力正在悄然改变。机构的入场,将估值模型的核心从「链上效用」转向了「宏观叙事」。现在的市场状态,更像是 (0, +),甚至在某些层面是 (-, +)。链上效用可能停滞不前,但仅仅因为「机构正在买入」、「比特币是数字黄金」这样的宏观叙事,价格就能被推高。

这创造了一头看似强大、实则脆弱的巨兽。市场的稳定性,开始依赖于少数几个大型机构的配置决策。这些机构是「低频、巨量」的参与者,他们不会像散户一样每天频繁交易。他们的买入决策可能是基于长达数季的宏观分析,而一旦决定卖出,也将是同样规模巨大且决绝的行动。若未来联准会的政策转向,或全球经济衰退导致机构需要全面降低风险配置,他们会同时、同向地抛售手中的比特币 ETF。这将引发的,是远超以往任何一次由散户恐慌引发的、更具毁灭性的系统性崩盘,而(-, -)引发的下行行情可能更胜以往。

以太坊的致命双杀:当「储备叙事」退潮,而「应用链」釜底抽薪

如果说比特币面对的是一场结构性风险,那么以太坊面临的可能是一场更为凶险的完美风暴。因为支撑其价格的两大支柱,正在同时被侵蚀。

第一根支柱,是其作为「世界计算机」的应用价值。曾几何时,所有人都相信以太坊将是未来所有去中心化应用的底层基础。但我们看到,越来越多的应用,特别是支付和游戏,正在走向自己的专属链 (App-chains) 或 Layer 2 解决方案。他们复制了以太坊的技术,却不一定会为以太坊主网贡献价值(即消耗 ETH 作为 Gas)。这意味着,前述价值函数中的 x(链上效用)变量,正呈现一个缓慢下滑的趋势。

第二根支柱,则是当前火热的「储备资产」叙事。数据显示,超过 50% 的 ETH 被锁在 staking 合约中,交易所的 ETH 存量也降至历史低点。这极大地减少了市场上的流通供给,人为制造了稀缺性,从而推高价格。但这个叙事是脆弱的,它以太坊因为PoS的因素更依机构的持续持有预期。一旦宏观环境逆转,或者机构投资者认为「储奇货可居」的阶段结束,转而获利了结,这根支柱就会迅速崩塌。

这就构成了一场致命的双杀局面:当「只hold不卖的叙事」潮水退去时,人们会发现,以太坊作为「应用之王」的根基也早已被釜底抽薪。届时价格将无处可依,其跌幅可能会远超市场上任何人的想象。现在因「供给稀缺」而进场买入华尔街NFT的投资者,很可能成为这场风暴中最大的牺牲品。

反驳的声音:「这不就是成熟的必经之路吗?」——危险的误解?

当我提出上述观点,就听到一种反驳的声音:「这难道不就是一项资产走向成熟的必经之路吗?黄金也经历了从实物到纸黄金的过程。ETF 带来了流动性和便利性,这是好事。」他们甚至会指出,SEC 最近批准了 ETF 的「实物申赎」(in-kind redemptions),证明这个系统正变得越来越高效和安全。

我认为这是一种危险的误解,它混淆了几个关键问题。首先,这是个错误的类比。将比特币与黄金相比,忽略了比特币最核心的价值主张——一个去中心化、抗审查的点对点电子现金系统。黄金的主要价值在于其稀缺性和历史共识,而非其支付功能。将比特币打包成 ETF,恰恰是剥离了其最重要的功能,这不是「成熟」,而是「驯化」。

这种看法误解了风险的本质,没错,「实物申赎」机制确实解决了过去 GBTC 那种因为无法有效赎回而导致的大幅折价问题,让 ETF 的运作更顺畅。但它没有解决,甚至加剧了根本性的「系统性风险」。风险不再是 ETF 价格与标的资产的偏离,而是资产被高度集中在单一托管方(如 Coinbase 持有近 81% 的 ETF 比特币资产)所带来的单点故障风险,以及所有机构巨头基于相同的宏观信号而同向踩踏的风险。

最后它完全忽略了「便利」的代价。投资者为了获得在券商 App 上一键买卖的便利,放弃的是资产的真正所有权、是抵御未来不确定性的能力,他们拥有的是当交易盛行时,App故障、连线中断等等的各种理由,当你持有的只是华尔街的「比特币 NFT」时,你等于是将自己的资产置于监管机构的屋檐下,赌他们永远不会从背后捅你一刀,或者因为任何理由(无论是地缘政治、税务或是你个人的因素)来找你麻烦;

若你握着的是更原生的资产,你拥有拥有的操作与自由度无疑是更高的。

结论:握紧你的私钥,在风暴来临前看清真相

华尔街从不创造革命,它只会收编革命,机构的涌入,并非加密货币精神的胜利,而是其被传统金融体系「收编」并重新包装的过程。市场正在为这种收编而欢呼,却没有意识到其背后结构性的脆弱性正在急剧增加。

那些被锁在 ETF 里的比特币和以太坊,已经变成了被驯化的野兽。它们失去了自由的灵魂,换来了在华尔街动物园里被观赏的资格。当下一场金融风暴来临时,真正能够让你安然渡过的,绝不会是那张在券商账户里的凭证,而是你手中那串由自己保管的、通往自由资产的私钥。

投资者应该理性看待这场由机构主导的狂欢。在追逐价格上涨的同时,更要理解你所持有的资产,其本质到底是什么。尽量持有那些真正属于你、可以自由支配的原生代币,因为当市场的音乐停止时,能够最快找到出口的人,才是最后的赢家。尤其对于以太坊,更要警惕「储备叙事」与「应用架空」叠加上涨背后的巨大下行风险。此刻的市场,比以往任何时候都更需要清醒的头脑,而非盲目的乐观。

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