为什么stETH不是下一个UST?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2022-06-13Last updated on 2022-06-13

Abstract

过去几天,加密货币市场又迎来了新一轮的瀑布行情,作为本轮下跌“排头兵”的ETH接连失守1700、1500、1200美元等重要关口。

以太,挺住。

过去几天,加密货币市场又迎来了新一轮的瀑布行情,作为本轮下跌“排头兵”的ETH接连失守1700、1500、1200美元等重要关口。周线之上,ETH更是已连续10周收阴,这也意味着ETH在过去近三个月的时间里几乎都是在单边下行。

数据取自:FTX

极端行情之下,连带影响也接踵而至。合约市场方面,全网爆仓资金总量接连两日超过5亿美元;DeFi方面,锁定在各大生态之上的资产总价值已跌破1000亿美元关口;NFT市场也不可能“独善其身”,交易量及项目的地板价双双下挫。

FUD从何而来?

关于ETH近期暴跌的导火索,市场上有诸多说法,抛开老生常谈的宏观加息影响和整体金融环境不提,stETH日益加剧的折价无疑是当下最牵动短期市场情绪的潜在黑天鹅。

关于这一点,前些天Odaily星球日报发表了「stETH脱锚加剧,“打折的ETH”还能抄底吗?」(https://www.odaily.news/post/5179364),文中详述了stETH的机制、折价的原因、Celsius的影响、潜在的套利空间等等,结合对ETH2.0的开发进程的乐观预期,最终我们给出的结论是stETH可能会继续折价,但在套利资金的平衡作用下,其相对ETH的报价很难出现太大幅度的偏离,更不可能像UST那样彻底崩盘。

不过,随着过去几天ETH的大幅下跌,市面上关于stETH的FUD情绪越来越浓,“下一个UST”、“死亡螺旋”、“Celsius彻底爆了”等话语高频出现在社交媒体的讨论中……鉴于市场环境如此糟糕,已经不起太多不必要的折腾了,作为媒体从业者有必要去做一次力所能及的“去伪存真”,结合市场动态就stETH的最新情况再做一次梳理。

首先需要明确的是恐慌的来源,ETH的下跌为何会加剧市场对stETH的恐慌?主要原因有两点,一是随着ETH的进一步走低,市场判断Celsius会面临更大的提款压力,从而不得不抛售手中的stETH来换取ETH还债;二是考虑到Aave等借贷平台上存在着相当大规模的stETH借贷仓位,价格的快速下行或将导致这些stETH陷入清算风险。两者都会造成stETH较ETH折价的进一步放大,从而加剧整个市场的恐慌情绪。

Celsius:为了活命,只能服下猛药

那么,这两条线现在究竟是什么情况呢?先来说说Celsius,该平台今天有两个相当重要的消息。

第一个是Celsius已宣布暂停所有提款、交易和转账,在宣布该公告之前Celsius还向交易所转入了9500wBTC和50000ETH。

这一连串事件让Celsius直接被喷上了风口浪尖,暂不确定Celsius卖出这部分资产的后续动作是什么(个人推测可能是为了降低链上借贷的杠杆,看后续链上动态吧),而暂停提款的举措则像是一剂“带着不止三分毒的猛药”,如此操作显然会对该平台的信誉及未来发展造成相当负面的影响,但面临着潜在的挤兑可能性,停止提现却可以阻止短期的系统性崩盘,也是无奈之举。

至于所谓的“Celsius彻底暴雷”的说法,作者个人并不认同,原因是Celsius手中的大部分仓位未动,其主要地址0x8aceab8167c80cb8b3de7fa6228b889bb1130ee8中的stETH仍有40.9余万个,即便减去借贷债务也有6.16亿美元的净值。虽然关闭提款必然会造成一定的市场恐慌,但这总比40.9万个stETH直接砸到市场上好多了。

第二个关键进展则是CeFi巨头Nexo已宣布准备向Celsius提出收购建议,或许这会为Celsius事件划上句点。

总的来说,无论是被Nexo收购,还是继续死扛到stETH链上赎回的开通,暂停提现后的Celsius已不再需要被迫出售手中的数十万stETH(不排除主动慢慢兑换),短期内这条线的潜在抛压看起来应该会有所缓解。

stETH会被大规模清算吗?

再来说说第二条线,借贷中的stETH抵押资产是否会遭遇大规模清算。根据贷出资产类别的不同,这一点其实应该分为两部分来看,其一是抵押stETH贷出ETH的循环借贷杠杆仓位(拿贷出的ETH换stETH,再抵押再贷出,循环操作……),其二则是抵押stETH直接贷出USDC等稳定币(Celsius的主地址就是这么操作的)。

单就这两部分来说,与stETH的折价相关且会对此造成进一步影响的显然是抵押stETH贷出ETH的情况,至于抵押stETH直接贷出稳定币的情况,清算则主要由ETH的价格下跌所驱动,二者的清算往往会同步出现。

RealResearchDao的研究员CryptoScott.eth做了非常详实的数据分析(感兴趣可直接阅读CryptoScott.eth的系列推文:https://twitter.com/CryptoScott_ETH/status/1535876842313621504),就stETH的清算价位和机构套利窗口给出了很清晰的数据推算。下文将会摘选该推文中的部分观点。

综合Aave借贷市场上的stETH存入(约145万枚)和ETH贷出(约44.7万枚)数据来推算,实际上存入stETH贷出稳定币的仓位比例要比贷出ETH的更高,这也意味着抵押stETH循环借贷ETH的情况并没有想象中那么极端。

再来从借贷结构看看抵押stETH循环借贷ETH的情况(这也是市场格外担心的因素),Parsec数据显示这一类借贷仓位的大额清算点约在0.818(stETH/ETH)左右,距离当前0.94左右的实时兑换价格仍有一定的空间。

考虑到0.818的兑换价格约等于18%的折价,再加上4%的质押收益,这意味着在该水平未知购入stETH可在链上赎回开通(预期一年左右)后获得22%左右的ETH本位收益,这一收益完全已大幅超过了持仓期间的利息支出(Maple上机构无抵押信用贷利率约为10.5%),因此在套利资金的平衡作用下,stETH触及该点位的可能性并不大。

stETH不会是下一个UST

综合以上对Celsius、链上清算等最新情况的梳理,我们仍然坚持自己在上一篇文章中作出的判断——stETH可能会继续折价,但在套利资金的平衡作用下,预计不会出现太大幅度的偏离,基本不可能像UST那样彻底崩盘。

究其本质,stETH与UST的资产属性不同,后者是在没有充分抵押的前提下作出了锚定1美元的空口承诺,而每一枚stETH则实实在在代表着未来对1+nETH的赎回权益,虽然这一赎回的具体时间仍未确定,能否顺利赎回也确实还存在着一定的风险,但结合ETH2.0的开发进度和Lido过往的安全成绩来看,市场对其未来的赎回是可以抱有积极预期的。

最后补充一点,上述结论仅限于评估stETH相对于ETH的价格关系,而非二者的U本位报价。在宏观阴云未散、市场情绪低迷的今天,没有人能够准确预估市场接下来的行情走势,我们能够做的只是基于客观存在的一些动态和数据,对争议事件作出相对理性的分析判断。

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