贝莱德报告精简版:我们为什么长期看好比特币?

PanewsPublished on 2024-09-19Last updated on 2026-05-26

Abstract

从长期来看,我们认为,比特币的采纳驱动因素可能与大多数传统金融资产所受的全球宏观因素大相径庭,甚至在某些方面正好相反。本文将对此进行详细阐述。

作者 | Blackrock
出品|白话区块链


贝莱德(BlackRock)作为全球最大的资产管理公司之一,对比特币及其他加密资产的态度愈发积极,从在年初积极申请推动比特币现货ETF到占据比特币现货ETF份额的主导地位,其对加密货币市场的认可不言而喻。昨日又发布一份9页长的白皮书,详细阐述了比特币作为主要加密资产的独特地位,阐释了比特币在全球范围内的独特价值和意义。
以下为精简版:

比特币是“风险资产”还是“避险资产”?这是用户在首次投资比特币时最常提出的问题之一。我们认为,比特币的独特性质使其不适合用传统金融框架来评估,且其长期回报驱动因素与其他投资组合的回报来源基本无关。
尽管比特币具有波动性,并且在短期内与股票市场出现过一定的联动(尤其是在美国美元实际利率或流动性发生剧烈变化时),但比特币与股票和债券的长期相关性较低,其长期历史回报显著高于所有主要资产类别。
从长期来看,我们认为,比特币的采纳驱动因素可能与大多数传统金融资产所受的全球宏观因素大相径庭,甚至在某些方面正好相反。本文将对此进行详细阐述。
01、为什么比特币重要?
首先,我们需要从根本上理解是什么赋予了比特币其重要性。自2009年诞生以来,比特币成为了第一个被全球广泛采用的互联网原生货币工具。它的技术创新创造了一种数字原生、全球化、稀缺、去中心化且无需许可的货币形式。正是这些属性,这些特性使比特币在货币领域取得了突破,它解决了历史上长期困扰货币的难题:
1)比特币通过硬编码将供应量上限设定为2100万枚,这意味着它不会轻易贬值。
2)它的全球化、数字原生性质意味着它可以以几乎实时、几乎零成本的方式在全球范围内传输,打破了跨越政治边界转移价值所固有的屏障。
3)其去中心化、无需许可的特性,使其成为世界上第一个真正开放准入的货币体系。

贝莱德报告精简版:我们为什么长期看好比特币?


尽管自比特币取得突破以来,其他加密资产也相继创建出来,且在许多情况下追求更广泛的应用场景,但全球范围内,只有加密头部资产比特币达成了全球共识。正是这一点,使比特币在加密资产领域独树一帜,成为一种全球货币替代品和具备可信稀缺性的资产。
02、比特币达到1万亿美元市值的路径
尽管比特币迄今取得了显著的增长并在全球范围内被广泛采用,但它是否最终会发展成为一种广泛的价值储存手段或全球支付资产仍不确定,其不断变化的市场价值也反映了这种不确定性。
在过去的10年中,比特币有7年的表现超过了所有主要资产类别,年化回报率超过100%。即便如此,比特币在其他3年里却是表现最差的资产,并且出现了四次超过50%的大幅回撤。然而,经过这些历史周期的考验,比特币展现了从大幅回撤中恢复并创下新高的能力,尽管这些周期往往伴随着长时间的熊市。
比特币价格的这些波动,部分反映了其随着时间推移逐步成为全球货币替代品的前景。

贝莱德报告精简版:我们为什么长期看好比特币?


该数据展示了比特币从2010年7月19日至2024年7月31日的价格走势,其中起始日期标志着首个比特币交易所Mt. Gox的推出。

来源:彭博比特币现货价格,截至2024年7月31日。
03、与宏观变量无关的资产
比特币与其他宏观变量的基本关联较少,这也解释了它与股票及其他“风险资产”长期平均相关性较低的原因。尽管在一些短暂的时期内,比特币的相关性有所上升——尤其是在美元实际利率或流动性突然变化时——但这些情况都属于短期现象,未能形成明确的长期统计学上显著的相关性关系。
1)比特币与美国股票的历史相关性较低,并且经历了几个脱节期

贝莱德报告精简版:我们为什么长期看好比特币?


从上图可以看出:
A、比特币与黄金每周回报率与标普500指数的6个月滞后相关性,数据覆盖时间为2015年1月1日至2024年7月31日。来源:彭博比特币现货价格、彭博黄金现货价格、标准普尔全球及贝莱德计算,截至2024年7月31日。
B、比特币与黄金每周回报率与标普500指数的平均6个月滞后相关性,数据覆盖时间为2015年1月1日至2024年7月31日。
比特币作为首个去中心化、非主权的货币替代品,它没有传统的对手方风险,不依赖于任何中心化系统,也不受任何单一国家的经济状况驱动。这些特性使其在根本上与某些关键宏观风险因素(如银行系统危机、主权债务危机、货币贬值、地缘政治动荡以及其他国家特定的政治和经济风险)大体上脱离关系。
从长期来看,比特币的采用路径可能由全球货币不稳定性、地缘政治不和谐、美国财政可持续性和美国政治稳定性等担忧的波动程度驱动。
由于这些属性,比特币被一些投资者视为恐慌时期的一种“避险资产”,尤其是在过去五年中一些最具破坏性的全球事件中。值得注意的是,在这些事件中,比特币在初期表现出短暂的负面反应,然后随即回升。在我们看来,这些短期交易反应,往往难以从基本面解释,可能归因于以下几个因素:
A、比特币作为一种全天候交易且几乎即时结算的资产,在传统市场流动性紧张,特别是在周末期间,表现出高度的可出售性。
B、比特币及加密资产市场仍处于相对不成熟阶段,投资者对比特币的理解也在不断发展。
在大多数情况下,包括最近2024年8月5日的全球市场抛售,比特币在几天或几周内回升至之前的水平,并且在许多情况下进一步上涨,因为市场开始认可这些破坏性事件对比特币基本面的积极潜在影响。
2)S&P 500、黄金和比特币在重大地缘政治事件中的表现

贝莱德报告精简版:我们为什么长期看好比特币?


3)美国债务动态再次引起关注
在这种背景下,美国及全球对美国联邦赤字和债务状况的担忧,加大了对比特币作为潜在替代储备资产的兴趣,以对冲可能影响美元的未来事件。这种趋势似乎也在其他债务累积显著的国家中显现出来。根据我们的市场经验,这解释了近期机构对比特币兴趣广泛增加的一个重要原因。

贝莱德报告精简版:我们为什么长期看好比特币?


黄色部分:美国联邦债务总额/万亿美元

红线:美国赤字(-)/盈余(+)占GDP的百分比
04、比特币仍然是一种高风险资产
尽管之前的分析显示出比特币的某些特征,但这并不改变比特币作为独立资产仍然具有很高风险的事实。作为一种新兴技术,比特币仍处于全面普及使用的早期阶段,未来是否能成为全球支付资产或价值储存工具尚未确定。此外,比特币还经历了剧烈的波动,并面临诸如监管挑战、普及路径的不确定性以及生态系统仍不成熟等多种风险。
然而,关键在于这些风险是比特币特有的,而非传统投资资产普遍存在。因此,单纯的“风险偏好”与“风险厌恶”框架对比特币来说可能不适用。
从投资组合的角度来看,这就是为什么比特币在适度配置时能起到多样化的作用,而当持仓规模较大时,其高波动性会显著增加投资组合的风险。
05、小结
尽管比特币在短期内曾与股票和其他“风险资产”出现过联动,但从长期来看,其基本驱动因素与大多数传统投资资产存在明显的差异,在许多情况下甚至是相反的。
随着全球投资界面临日益加剧的地缘政治紧张局势、对美国债务和赤字状况的担忧以及全球范围内的政治不稳定,比特币可能被视为一种独特的资产,可以对冲投资组合中其他资产可能面临的一些财政、货币和地缘政治风险。

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363 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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