从起步到未来:Aleo 深度分析

深潮Published on 2024-08-09Last updated on 2024-08-09

Aleo 致力于提供高度隐私保护的智能合约和去中心化应用程序。

一、项目介绍与历程

Aleo 是一个专注于用零知识证明实现隐私的L1区块链,项目致力于提供高度隐私保护的智能合约和去中心化应用程序。零知识证明密码学技术允许去中心化网络上的各方证明对某些信息有所了解,而无需透露使之真实的基本事实。通过使用零知识证明,Aleo支持应用程序在不共享个人数据的情况下更新区块链账本,同时节点在不泄露原始数据的情况下验证隐私数据的有效性和合理性。即实现链下零知识证明的生成,链上实现零知识证明的高效验证(交易的简洁性)。

Aleo团队由来自谷歌、亚马逊和Meta等知名公司,以及加州大学伯克利分校、纽约大学和康奈尔大学等研究型大学的世界级密码学家、工程师、设计师和运营专家组成。其中核心开发团队注册在名为 Provable 科技公司旗下,Provable的联合创始人为 Howard Wu、Collin Chin和Raymond Chu,为加州大学伯克利分校校友。

Howard Wu 是 Provable 的联合创始人兼首席执行官。他在零知识证明和椭圆曲线密码学领域有过杰出贡献,主要成果包括Zexe和DIZK,并被以太坊和Zcash等协议采用。他毕业于加州大学伯克利分校,拥有密码学、计算机安全和可验证计算方面的研究背景,也曾在Google任职软件工程师。

同为Provable 联合创始人的Collin Chin和Raymond Chu 也都毕业于加州大学伯克利分校。Collin主要负责 Aleo编程语言Leo的开发,并兼职 Provable首席运营官。Raymond在团队中贡献了与snarkVM、snarkOS等验证者节点运行软件相关的开发。

Aleo的首席执行官现为 Alex Pruden,毕业于西点军校,曾是美国陆军步兵和特种作战部队的军官。他在2017-2018年期间在Coinbase和 GGV Capital 任职/实习期间接触区块链领域,2019年从 Stanford MBA毕业之后任职于a16z,间接推动了a16z对Aleo的A轮领投。

Aleo的CFO Michael Beller毕业于康奈尔大学,有资管类初创企业的连续创业经验,是一位有资深传统金融领域经验较为年长的团队顾问。

技术分析

Aleo 的主要组件包括:

• Leo 语言:Aleo 提供了一种名为 leo的编程语言,专为隐私保护而设计。Aleo 语言使开发人员能够创建支持隐私的智能合约,并在保护用户数据的同时实现数据完整性。

• snarkVM 和 snarkOS:snarkVM允许链下执行计算,链上仅验证计算结果,从而提升了效率。snarkOS 确保数据和计算的安全,并允许无许可的功能执行。

• zkCloud:提供安全、私密的链下计算环境,支持用户、组织和 DAO之间的编程交互。

Aleo 还提供了集成开发环境(IDE)和软件开发工具包(SDK),支持开发者快速编写和发布应用;此外,开发者可以在 Aleo 的程序注册表中部署应用,无需依赖第三方,如此便降低了平台风险。同时,Aleo允许开发者创建不受 gas 限制的应用程序,因此尤其适用于机器学习等需要长时间运行的应用。

2.1 共识架构

Aleo 的专有共识算法称为 AleoBFT,是挖矿和权益证明的结合,即验证者遵循权益证明(PoS)与zk证明者遵循工作量证明(PoW)并存。Aleo 的 PoW 工作量证明的形成来自于 Aleo 网络每小时随机生成一个 ZK 电路,而矿工在这一小时内需要尝试不同的 nonce 作为电路的输入,计算出电路中的所有变量(witness)并求解 witness 的 Merkle root后,判断是否满足挖矿难度要求。

权益证明共识模型基于DiemBFT,这个模型的共识形成需要多轮计算。领导者首先提出一个区块。然后验证者投票选出下一轮的领导者。一旦达到投票法定人数,下一轮的领导者就会创建法定人数证书并将其包含在下一个区块提案中。权益持有者将为共识和区块生产做出贡献,但不会亲自参与ZK 证明生成过程,证明计算过程由 ZK 验证者承担。

2.2 共识流程

共识协议层面上,证明者和验证者分别负责产生计算结果solution 和出块并聚合打包 solution。具体流程如下:

1. 证明者计算puzzle 构建出 solutions 并广播到网络中

2. 验证者聚合交易和solution 为下一个新区块,保证 solution 数量不超出共识限制(MAX_SOLUTIONS)

3. Solution 的合法性通过校验其 epoch_hash 符合验证者维护的 latest_epoch_hash 确保,证明者计算出的proof_target 需符合网络中验证者维护的 latest_proof_target,同时该区块中包含的 solution 数量小于共识限制

4. 证明者提供有效的solution 可以获得共识奖励

三、生态

Aleo 当前的生态项目主要由结合零知识证明的 DeFi 应用(ZeFi)和基础设施开发类应用组成。其中,ZeFi赛道的项目包含 Privx Exchange、Arcane Finance、AlphaSwap 和 Staking.xyz。

其中Privx Exchange、Arcane Finance 和 AlphaSwap 都属于主打隐私保护交易平台,Privx 采用了较为创新的Clob(Central Limit Order Book)与链上智能合约结合进行订单匹配的设计来模拟类似传统交易所的用户体验,而 Arcane Finance 和 AlphaSwap 则基于常见的 AMM 模型来实现DEX。

Staking.xyz 作为 Aleo的官方质押门户,为用户提供了一个管理和监控他们质押的资产的仪表盘,同时用户可以定期获取验证者表现的更新和详细报告。

基础设施开发类应用包括Obscura、Izar Bridge和两个钱包应用 Puzzle Wallet与 Avail Wallet

• Obscura是一个致力于简化隐私导向型应用程序开发的平台。通过提供 RPC 端点、API和SDK,它为开发者简化了在隐私区块链上布局的难度。Obscura提供的基础设施包括 Aleo RPC API与Mina的Graphql API。

• IZAR是以太坊和 Aleo之间的隐私保护跨链互操作性协议,通过为跨链引入更多的验证者,基于 zkSnark 的多签设计与未来预期加入的 Timelock机制,IZAR意在打造更为安全并注重隐私的跨链协议与项目治理模式。

• Puzzle Wallet 和 Avail Wallet 都是支持 Aleo的钱包应用,Puzzle的主要客户端模式是Chrome Extension浏览器插件,而 Avail支持手机与桌面客户端。

网络的参与方与网络奖励(矿工利益分析)

Aleo 网络的参与方由3种不同的角色构成:质押者、证明者和验证者。

质押者是任何锁定积分(Credits)帮助支持Aleo网络安全性的参与方。与其他去中心化网络的质押者类似,质押者把一部分的Aleo积分代理给验证者来协助共识验证,同时获得一定的质押奖励。获得奖励最低的质押下限是1 Aleo 积分,但获得质押奖励的最低门槛是10 Aleo 积分。

证明者(ZK矿工)是Aleo网络中特定的零知识基础设施类参与方,证明者通过解决Coinbase 难题参与工作量证明共识(PoW)支持 Aleo 网络。证明者在为 Aleo Coinbase 难题生成解决方案时的效率越高、效果越好,获得 Aleo Coinbase 奖励(积分)的机会就越大。对同一个 Coinbase 难题,多个证明者可以按照提交的有效谜题解决方案的数量获得对应比例的奖励。同时,证明者向验证者提供 Coinbase 解决方案奖励的 1/3,激励验证者的参与和获得奖励。

验证者是Aleo网络的基础设施服务提供商,他们通过参与 AleoBFT 中的遵循权益证明(PoS)共识机制保证网络的安全性。在Aleo网络中,验证者验证并确认交易区块,遵循共识协议达到一致状态,同时在创建区块时包含来自证明者的证明,同时也会获得验证奖励。成为一个验证者必须拥有10M的Aleo积分,使用snarkOS软件来运行验证者节点。

4.1 Aleo积分分配

• 发行时的初始供应量为15 亿 Aleo 积分。这些积分分配比例如下:早期支持者(35%)、面向大众分配(25%)、员工和贡献者(16%)、公司(10%)、战略合作伙伴(8%)和基金会(6%)

• 主网启动后,Aleo 网络将向zk证明者以及验证者发放 Aleo 积分作为奖励。证明者和验证者获得的 Coinbase 奖励在约 10 年内线性下降

• 验证者可以永久地获得固定区块奖励(目前设定为每个区块23个积分)

流通供应

• Aleo 积分的总流通供应量在10年内增长到 26 亿,随着奖励的发放,在大约21年内翻一番。

通货膨胀

• 积分通胀率随着时间的推移而下降,从第一年的12% 左右下降到第10 年的2%,并随着时间的推移接近0%。

Aleo 积分发行时的分配比例图Aleo积分10年内通胀预期

4.2 PoS 与 PoW 奖励关系

在最新的Beta版本测试网中,Aleo团队调整了权益证明(PoS)和工作量证明(PoW)协议之间的奖励比例,验证者分得证明者解决谜题的区块奖励由原来的1/2调整为1/3,而证明者获得2/3的解决谜题区块奖励。在主网最初发行后,PoW 在 Aleo 网络中将发挥较大的作用,但随着时间推移,解决谜题释出的区块奖励会逐渐减少,而给予验证者恒定的区块奖励权重相较之下提升(持续保持每个区块23 Aleo 积分)。下图展示了未来10年 Aleo 积分通过 PoS 和 PoW共识释放的数量变化和比例关系:

这是我们根据部分官方数据推演的Aleo 积分在初始发行之后10年内的年增长量和对应的通胀率计算:

长远看来,Aleo 的积分分配会由早期倾向证明者逐步转向到更倾向于质押者与验证者,10年后变不再有通过 PoW 共识释放的积分,网络收益遵循 PoS 共识释放。

4.3 Beta 测试网相关数据

Beta 测试网是主网上线前的最后一个激励测试网,本次测试网主要目标是通过证明者激励计划验证新的 puzzle 机制,持续时间为7.1-7.15日,现已结束。

Aleo 网络基金会向证明者提供 100 万个主网积分。每个证明者将获得与其在激励期间获得的测试网积分成比例的主网积分。最低奖励为 1,000 个主网积分;任何获得低于此金额的证明者将没有资格获得奖励。

以下是我们总结Beta 测试网期间获得 Top 10 积分的 Aleo 地址与其部分地址对应的矿池数据对比:

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