除了收藏,NFT真能转让和质押?

肖飒lawyerPublished on 2022-06-02Last updated on 2022-06-02

Abstract

在与著作权人签署IP转让合同时,建议了解对方交易背景和做相应尽调,防止赔了夫人又折兵,钱花了,IP没拿回来。

实践中,我们发现从业者对普法类文章有偏爱,今天咱们满足大家的诉求。我们要与诸位分享NFT数字藏品无法绕开的《著作权法》中几个基本法律常识,也是实务里经常被“顾名思义”误导的知识。期待给大家行为边界,让朋友们在法律框定范围内做适当创新。也许,我们今天的结论有些“开脑洞”,且听分解。

IP转让合同,“一女二嫁”问题

我们接触到的NFT著作权纠纷中(甚至出现了合同诈骗的苗头),已经有著作权人或“二房东”将著作权一女二嫁。囿于我国著作权法对于“著作财产权的转让”并不要求公示,也就是不进行强制登记和公告,导致权利人与多家主体签订多个转让合同。为了确保交易案情,根据《关于审理买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》第32条规定,在此情况下,法律会保护“在先合同”即谁签约在前,谁取得著作权的财产权。

因此,在与著作权人签署IP转让合同时,建议了解对方交易背景和做相应尽调,防止赔了夫人又折兵,钱花了,IP没拿回来。这样会直接影响基于IP进行的“二创”,以及基于二创铸造的NFT,倘若已经大面积发售,还会面临收回的问题。建议在用户注册协议中,约定侵权NFT回购价格,防止二级市场漫天要价后,平台方不敢直接将NFT打入黑洞(毕竟目前有判决支持NFT为“财产”,财产权是“对世权”,侵害财产权的法律后果平台难以承受)。

专有使用合同与非专有使用合同

根据第一点,读者了解到著作财产权是一种“对世权”,也就是说其权利具有“排他性”。著作权人之外的受让人或其他人员,倘若试图合法使用著作权人的著作财产权,就必须签署《XX与XX之许可使用合同》。与《专利法》中“独占实施许可”不同,《著作权法》将这种“独占”权利约定俗成为“专有使用”,因此,根据是否独占,可以将著作权授权的合同区分为:专有使用合同和非专有使用合同。我们通常建议NFT铸造者获得专有使用权,因为专有使用权人享有诉权,一旦作品被侵权可在没有原著作权人授权下直接起诉,维护自身著作财产权。

当然,还有一个秘密好处,那就是如果合同约定不明确,《著作权法实施条例》甚至规定,专有使用权人可以排除原著作权人在内的任何人行使合同约定的权利。在这里,我们反向提醒画家老友和音乐咖,签合同的时候不要感情用事,请让工作室的法务看一看,合同里尽量保留自己使用自己作品的权利,否则只能眼睁睁看着别人赚钱钱,自己仅保留署名权等人身权利而已。

著作财产权可以出质

讲完了著作财产权可以转让、可以许可,那么,可以质押吗?这个问题似乎有点敏感,毕竟又将著作权与金融类权利结合在一起了。根据我国《民法典》第440条《著作权法》第28条、《著作权质权登记办法》第2、4、5、11条,著作权中的财产权可以出质。也就是说,一旦NFT数字藏品被认定为著作财产权的凭证甚至是著作财产权本身,从民法角度讲,NFT数字藏品可以出质。

但著作权质权登记是著作权质权生效的法律条件,出质人和质权人应当向中国版权保护中心(国家版权局直属事业单位)办理出质登记,经审查符合条件的,将取得《著作权质权登记证书》,质权自登记之日起设立。也就是说,未来如果想开发NFT数字藏品的出质功能,必须打通中国版权保护中心的登记。

今年3月份国家版权局发布的《关于2021年全国著作权登记情况的通报》(国版发函〔2022〕6号)显示,2021年全国共完成著作权质权登记数量不多,仅有372件,涉及合同数量357个、作品数量1078件、主债务金额45亿余元、担保金额43亿余元。从《著作权质权登记办法》相关来看,若想依法取得《著作权质权登记证书》,至少应当符合以下条件:(1)出质合同涉及的作品受到保护;(2)出质著作权的保护期尚未届满;(3)出质人是著作权人;(4)出质著作权不存在权属争议;(5)主合同及著作权出质合同均不违反法律法规强制性规定。

除了前述法定条件外,著作权质权登记申请人还需要向中国版权保护中心的工作人员做好解释工作,例如其申请登记的对象与NFT数字藏品的关系等。申请NFT数字藏品底层作品的著作权质权登记有难度,但法律毕竟给了相应权利,市场主体可以根据自身业务模式进行申请和尝试。多说无益,期待有好消息。

英美国家版权法相关规定

鉴于NFT数字藏品的国际化趋势,我们不得不面临国外IP授权或转让问题。飒姐一并介绍英美法系的做法,供老友参考。根据美国《版权法》,其规定的版权转让只包括“专有许可”,没有“非专有许可”的内涵。也就是说,如果IP转让合同使用了美国法,即潜在意思是此IP许可合同必然为专有许可合同,无须约定。

一并介绍英国《版权法》是有专有许可与非专有许可之区分的,但前者在约定的时间、区域和方式内实质上与转让是相同的,具有物权属性;后者取得的是债权性质的权利,不是物权属性。倘若国内画家与海外NFT平台合作,请注意,很多英联邦国家使用英国法(含英国版权法),签约时请了解基本法律条款和案例,或咨询本地IP律师。

写在最后

NFT数字藏品是新兴事物,较早的给予法律定性其实是不妥当的。鉴于NFT之IP授权链路较为复杂,NFT承载的著作权内涵实质上是不同的。从我国《著作权法》角度,我们团队的观点是NFT数字藏品,如被定性为著作财产权,可出质,但应当到国家版权局登记。如上,创新需要勘定法律边界!

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