解读俄罗斯新法案:9 月起允许加密货币用于跨境交易和交易所交易

链捕手Published on 2024-08-01Last updated on 2024-08-01

作者: Aiying 艾盈

 

2024 年 7 月 30 日,俄罗斯国家杜马在第二和第三次审议中通过了一项法律,允许从 2024 年 9 月 1 日起,在跨境交易和交易所交易中使用数字货币,作为实验性法律制度(ЭПР)的一部分。这以太坊( ETH )和稳定币(如 USDT )等,而不仅限于中央银行数字货币( CBDC ),这标志着俄罗斯对加密货币态度的重大转变,也为数字货币在实际应用中的可行性和风险控制提供了实验平台。Aiying 艾盈将结合历史背景,详细分析俄罗斯加密货币政策的演变过程,并探讨未来的发展方向。

一、俄罗斯加密货币政策的起源与初期态度

在 2017 年之前,俄罗斯政府和中央银行对加密货币持非常谨慎的态度。加密货币被认为具有极高的风险,主要担心其被用于非法活动如洗钱和恐怖融资。央行多次警告公众不要投资比特币等加密货币,指出其价格波动大,存在较高的金融风险。

二、初步监管框架的形成

2019 年,俄罗斯开始探索如何有效监管加密货币。财政部和央行在这个问题上意见分歧,财政部主张较为宽松的监管,而央行则倾向于严格控制甚至禁止私人加密货币 ( The Moscow Times )。2020 年,俄罗斯通过了《数字金融资产法》,这部法律承认加密货币为财产,但禁止其用于支付商品和服务。此举标志着俄罗斯在加密货币法律地位上的重要一步,但具体的监管措施仍需完善。

三、2021 年的进一步完善和政策冲突

在《数字金融资产法》通过后,加密货币交易所和钱包服务提供商被要求在俄罗斯金融当局注册,并遵守严格的反洗钱( AML )和反恐融资( CFT )标准。然而,央行和财政部在如何进一步监管加密货币方面仍存在重大分歧。央行提议全面禁止私人加密货币,而财政部则主张更加宽松的监管方法。2022 年,普京总统介入,呼吁两方达成妥协,并强调俄罗斯在加密货币挖矿方面的竞争优势。

四、最近的政策发展和实验性法律制度

昨天发布的这份法案确保了在金融市场数字创新领域中,ЭПР机制的运作。同时,俄罗斯央行被赋予了作为ЭПР领域主管和监管机构的职能。此外,文件还明确了央行在某些情况下需要与联邦金融监管局(Росфинмониторинг)、联邦安全局(ФСБ)和俄罗斯财政部协商批准ЭПР方案。央行将监控ЭПР发起人的活动,以发现可能对国家防御和安全造成损害的风险,以及洗钱和恐怖融资的风险。一旦发现这些风险,央行必须在不超过 10 天的时间内通知联邦安全局和联邦金融监管。

现行法规禁止在商品(工作、服务)的结算中使用数字货币。新法律作出了修改,允许在ЭПР框架内,将加密货币用作外贸活动的支付手段。ЭПР方案中需明确参与者的权利和义务,以及外汇控制机关和代理人的职责。

在第二次审议中,国家杜马支持了一系列修正案,包括允许在ЭПР框架内进行加密货币交易所交易。ЭПР方案中必须规定加密货币进入(退出)交易的程序,明确组织者的要求以及交易系统进行此类交易的情况。

俄罗斯央行在ЭПР框架内被赋予了基于国家支付系统(НПС)创建数字货币操作电子平台的可能性,制定其运行规则,以及对其运营商的要求。

因此,与最初版本不同的是,俄罗斯央行将能够从今年 9 月 1 日起进行三个实验:使用加密货币进行外贸结算、进行加密货币交易所交易,以及基于国家支付系统创建数字货币操作电子平台。

五、俄罗斯加密货币市场状况

根据目前 Aiying 艾盈收集到的数据获悉:

  • 加密货币持有者数量
  • 2024 年,俄罗斯的加密货币持有者数量估计为 302 万人,占总人口的 3.6% 。这表明尽管加密货币在全球范围内普及,但在俄罗斯的渗透率相对较低。
  • 交易所数据
  • 俄罗斯最大的加密货币交易所之一 Exmo 的数据显示,2023 年该平台的交易量达到了 30 亿美元,比 2022 年增长了 25% 。反映俄罗斯市场对加密货币交易的需求是在持续增长的。
  • 挖矿数据
  • 2023 年,俄罗斯成为全球第二大加密货币挖矿国家,其算力占全球比特币算力的 13%,仅次于美国。俄罗斯的挖矿业得益于该国丰富的能源资源和寒冷的气候,这些条件有助于降低挖矿成本和提高效率。
  • 税收收入
  • 俄罗斯财政部估计,从 2023 年开始,加密货币交易和挖矿活动的税收收入每年可以达到 25 亿卢布(约合 3.4 亿美元)。这一税收收入为俄罗斯提供了新的财政来源,特别是在国际制裁的背景下显得尤为重要。

在当前国际制裁背景下,俄罗斯推动加密货币政策具有重要意义。由于美国及其盟友对俄罗斯实施了多轮经济制裁,俄罗斯在国际金融体系中的地位和运作受到了严重影响。这些制裁措施包括限制俄罗斯银行的国际交易、冻结资产等,极大地限制了俄罗斯在全球市场上的金融操作空间。后续 Aiying 艾盈将会持续关注俄罗斯制裁后跨境支付市场的发展现状,及其创新突围的支付解决方案,敬请关注账号更新。

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