Vitalik:评估「自动化稳定币」的两个思想实验

UnitimesPublished on 2022-05-31Last updated on 2022-05-31

Abstract

最近的LUNA崩盘导致了数百亿美元的损失,由此引发了大众对“算法稳定币”这一类别的批评风暴,很多人认为它们是“存在根本缺陷的产品”。

最近的LUNA崩盘导致了数百亿美元的损失,由此引发了大众对“算法稳定币”这一类别的批评风暴,很多人认为它们是“存在根本缺陷的产品”。对DeFi金融机制进行更严格的审查,特别是那些努力优化“资本效率”的机制,这是非常受欢迎的。而更大程度地承认目前的表现并不能保证未来的回报(甚至未来不会完全崩溃),这一点更受欢迎。然而,大错特错的地方在于,人们将所有自动化的纯加密稳定币都用相同的笔刷绘制,并摒弃了整个类别。

虽然有很多自动化稳定币设计存在根本缺陷,它们注定会崩溃,还有更多理论上可以生存但风险很高的稳定币,此外,也有很多稳定币在理论上非常健康,并在实践中经受住了加密市场条件的极端考验。因此,我们需要的不是稳定币助推主义或稳定币末日主义,而是回归基于原则的思维。那么,对于评估一个特定的自动化稳定币是否真正稳定,有哪些好的原则呢?

对我来说,我开始的测试是看稳定币如何响应两个思想实验。

什么是自动化稳定币?

就本文而言,自动化稳定币是一个具有以下属性的系统:

它发行了一种稳定币,试图以特定的价格指数为目标。通常的目标是1美元,但也有其他选择。如果价格向任一方向偏离,则有一些目标机制会持续将稳定币价格推向指数。这使得ETH和BTC不是稳定币(duh)。

目标机制是完全去中心化的,并且没有对特定受信任参与者的协议级依赖。特别是,它绝不能依赖资产托管人。这使得USDT和USDC不是自动化稳定币。

在实践中,(2)意味着目标机制必须是某种智能合约,它管理一些加密资产储备,并在价格下跌时使用这些加密资产来支撑价格。

Terra是如何工作的?

Terra类型的稳定币(与铸币税股份大致相同,尽管许多实施细节不同)通过双币模型来工作,我们将其称为稳定币和波动币(在Terra的例子中,UST是稳定币,LUNA是波动币)。稳定币使用简单的机制来保持稳定性:

如果稳定币的价格超过目标值,系统将拍卖新的稳定币(并使用收益燃烧波动币),直到稳定币价格回到目标。

如果稳定币的价格跌破目标值,系统会回购并销毁稳定币(发行新的波动币为销毁提供资金),直到稳定币价格回到目标值。

现在,波动币的价格是多少?波动币的价值可能纯粹是投机性的,其依赖的是假设未来会有更大的稳定币需求(这将需要燃烧波动币来发行)。或者,波动币的价值可能来自于费用:稳定币<->波动币交易的交易费,或者每年向稳定币持有者收取的持有费用,或者两者兼而有之。但在所有情况下,波动币的价格都来自对系统未来活动的预期。

RAI是如何工作的?

在这篇文章中,我关注的是RAI而不是DAI,因为RAI更好地体现了受抵押的自动化稳定币的纯粹“理想类型”,它仅由ETH抵押支持。而DAI是一个由中心化和去中心化抵押品作为支持的混合系统,这对于他们的产品而言是一个合理的选择,但它确实使分析变得更加棘手。

在RAI中,主要有两类参与者(也有FLX的持有者,这是一种投机性代币,但他们扮演的角色不太重要):

RAI持有者持有RAI,即RAI系统的稳定币。

RAI贷方将一些ETH存入称为“保险箱”的智能合约对象中。然后,他们可以提取2/3ETH价值的RAI(例如,如果1ETH=100RAI,则如果你存款10ETH,则可以提取大约667RAI)。如果贷方偿还其RAI债务,则可以通过同样的方式收回ETH。

成为RAI贷方的主要原因有两个:

做多ETH:如果你在上面的例子中存入10个ETH,并提取500RAI,你最终会得到一个价值500RAI的头寸,但风险敞口为10ETH,因此ETH价格每变化1%,该头寸就会上涨或下跌2%。

套利:如果你发现以法币计价的投资上涨速度快于RAI,你可以借入RAI,将资金投入该投资,并从差价中获利。

如果ETH价格下跌,并且保险箱不再有足够的抵押品(也就是说,RAI债务现在超过了所存ETH价值的2/3),就会发生清算事件。通过提供更多的抵押品,保险箱被拍卖,供其他人购买。

另一个需要理解的主要机制是赎回率调整。在RAI的例子中,目标值不是固定数量的美元,相反,它会向上或向下移动,并且向上或向下移动的速率会根据市场情况进行调整:

思想实验1:即使在理论上,稳定币能否安全地让所有用户退出?

在非加密现实世界中,没有什么是永恒的。公司总是会倒闭,要么是因为他们一开始就无法找到足够的用户,要么是因为对其产品的强大需求已经不复存在,要么是因为他们被一个更强大的竞争对手所取代。有时,会出现部分崩溃,公司从主流地位下降到小众地位(例如MySpace)。这些事情必然会发生,这样才能为新产品腾出空间。但我们要注意的是,在非加密世界,当产品关闭或遭遇滑坡路时,用户通常不会受到太大的伤害。当然也有一些人会因为裂缝而跌落,但总的来说,停工是有序的,问题是可控的。

但是自动化稳定币呢?如果我们从大胆而激进的角度来看待稳定币,即系统避免崩溃和损失大量用户资金的能力,不应取决于不断涌入的新用户,那会发生什么?让我们看看吧!

Terra能安全降落吗?

在Terra的例子中,波动币(LUNA)的价格来自对系统未来活动费用的预期。那么,如果预期的未来活动降至接近零,会发生什么?波动币(LUNA)的市值会下降,直到其相对于稳定币的市值比变得非常小。在这一点上,该系统会变得极为脆弱,对稳定币需求的很小的下行冲击,就可能导致目标机制增发大量波动币(Luna),从而导致波动币(Luna)恶性通货膨胀,那么此时稳定币也失去了价值。

系统的崩溃,甚至可以成为一个自我实现的预言:如果系统看起来很可能崩溃,那就会降低用户对未来费用的预期,而这是波动币价值的基础,从而进一步推低波动币的市值,使该系统变得更加脆弱,最终可能引发崩盘,这正如5月份我们在Terra身上看到的那样。

首先,波动币价格下跌,然后,稳定币开始震动。该系统试图通过发行更多的波动币来支撑稳定币的需求。由于用户对系统的信心低迷,这导致买家很少,因此波动币价格迅速下跌。最后,一旦波动币的价格接近于零,则稳定币也会崩溃。

原则上,如果需求下降非常缓慢,波动币的预期未来费用及其市值相当于稳定币可能仍然会很大,因此系统将在其下降的每一步继续保持稳定。但这种成功的缓慢下降是不太可能的,更有可能的情况是,用户的兴趣迅速下降,然后就是一声巨响(暴雷)。

安全下降:在每一步中,都有足够的预期未来收入,来证明波动币的市值足以保证稳定币在当前水平上的安全。

不安全的下降:在某些时候,没有足够的预期未来收入来证明有足够的波动币市值来保证稳定币的安全,因此崩盘是可能的。

RAI能安全降落吗?

RAI的安全性取决于RAI系统(ETH)外部的资产,因此RAI更容易安全降落。如果需求下降是不平衡的(因此,持有需求下降更快或贷款需求下降更快),赎回率将进行调整,以平衡两者。贷方持有ETH而非FLX的杠杆头寸,因此不存在正反馈循环的风险,即对RAI的信心下降会导致贷款需求也下降。

如果在极端情况下,所有持有RAI的需求同时消失,而只有一个持有者,赎回率将飙升,直到最终每个贷款人的保险箱都被清算。剩下的单个持有人将能够在清算拍卖中购买保险箱,使用他们的RAI立即清算其债务,并提取ETH。这使他们有机会获得公平的RAI价格,并从保险箱中的ETH得到支付。

另一个值得研究的极端情况是RAI成为以太坊的主要应用。在这种情况下,预计未来对RAI的需求减少,将使ETH的价格下跌。在极端情况下,可能会出现一连串的清算,导致系统混乱崩溃。但RAI对这种可能性的抵抗力要比Terra式的系统强得多。

思想实验2:如果你试图为稳定币提供每年20%的利息,会发生什么?

目前,稳定币往往与美元挂钩,而RAI是一个小例外,因为它的锚定会根据赎回率上下调整,并且锚定的起始价格是3.14美元而不是1美元(确切的起始值是友好的让步,因为一个真正的数学迷会选择tau=6.28USD这个值)。但他们不必如此,你可以将稳定币与一篮子资产、消费者价格指数或一些任意复杂的公式挂钩(“足以购买{全球平均二氧化碳浓度减去375}公顷雅库特森林土地的价值量”)。只要你能找到一个预言机来证明指数,并让人们参与到市场的各个方面,你就可以让这样的稳定币运作起来。

作为评估可持续性的思想实验,让我们想象一个具有特定指数的稳定币:每年增长20%的美元数量。在数学语言中,指数是

USD,其中t是以年为单位的当前时间,t0是系统启动的时间。一个更有趣的选择是

美元,因此它一开始就像一个以美元计价的稳定币,但美元计价的回报率每年都在以4%的速度增长。

显然,没有真正的投资能够获得接近每年20%的回报,也绝对没有真正的投资可以永远保持每年4%的回报率。但是如果你尝试一下会发生什么呢?

我会声称,试图追踪这样一个指数的稳定币基本上有两种方法:

它向持有人收取某种负利率,以抵消指数中内置的以美元计价的增长率。

它变成了庞氏骗局,在一段时间内给了稳定币持有者惊人的回报,直到有一天它突然轰然倒塌。

应该很容易理解为什么RAI是(1)而LUNA是(2),所以RAI比LUNA更好。但这也显示了关于稳定币的更深层次和更重要的事实:为了使抵押自动化稳定币可持续发展,它必须以某种方式控制实施负利率的可能性。如果与快速升值的价格指数挂钩,以编程方式阻止实施负利率的RAI版本(早期的单一抵押DAI基本上就是这样)也会变成庞氏骗局。

即使在疯狂的假设之外,你建立一个稳定币来追踪庞氏指数,稳定币也必须能够以某种方式应对即使在零利率下,持有需求也超过借贷需求的情况。如果你不这样做,价格就会上涨到锚定价之上,并且稳定币变得容易受到两个方向的价格变动的影响,而这两个方向的价格变动是非常不可预测的。

负利率可以通过两种方式实现:

RAI风格,有一个浮动目标,如果赎回率为负值,该目标会随着时间的推移而下降;

实际余额会随时间的推移而减少;

选项(1)存在用户体验缺陷,即稳定币不再清晰地跟踪“1美元”,选项(2)则存在开发者体验缺陷,但是,从这两者当中选择一种似乎是不可避免的——除非你走MakerDAO的路线,成为一种混合稳定币,同时使用纯加密资产和像USDC这样的中心化资产作为抵押品。

我们能学到什么?

一般来说,加密行业需要摆脱那种依靠无休止的增长来实现安全的态度。通过说“法币世界以同样的方式运作”来保持这种态度,肯定是不可接受的,因为法币世界并没有试图为任何人提供比正常经济增长更快的回报(除了那些应受到同样猛烈批评的孤立案例之外)。

相反,我们应该通过观察系统的稳定状态,甚至是极端条件下的悲观状态,以及最终是否可以安全关闭,来评估系统的安全性。如果一个系统通过了这个测试,那并不意味着它就是安全的。由于其他原因(例如抵押比率不足)它仍然可能很脆弱,或者存在代码漏洞或治理漏洞。但稳态和极端情况下的稳健性应始终是我们检查的第一件事。

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Exploring the Terra Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, the Terra Ecosystem has emerged as an ambitious project designed to facilitate a decentralized financial system. This innovative platform focuses on creating stable and scalable algorithmic stablecoins, aimed at driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. In this article, we will delve into the foundational aspects of the Terra Ecosystem, exploring its operational mechanisms, its creators, investors, notable components, and the timeline of its development. What is the Terra Ecosystem? Founded in 2018, the Terra Ecosystem is a layer-one blockchain designed to provide an efficient and reliable payment platform. The core mission of Terra is to create a preferred form of money that is not only decentralized but also practical for everyday use. At the heart of the ecosystem is its native algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD (UST), which is pegged to the US dollar using an innovative algorithmic mechanism. This unique approach addresses a common concern in the cryptocurrency space: the volatility that often accompanies digital assets. The Terra Ecosystem aims to enhance the usability of cryptocurrencies by creating an environment where digital currencies function similarly to traditional currencies. By being user-friendly and stable, Terra sets out to attract users outside of the crypto community, ultimately fostering mass adoption. The Creators of the Terra Ecosystem The Terra Ecosystem emerged under the guidance of its co-founders Daniel Shin and Do Kwon. Both individuals, with a wealth of experience in entrepreneurship and technology, launched Terraform Labs to spearhead this groundbreaking project. Daniel Shin, a prominent figure in the South Korean tech landscape, has co-founded multiple tech companies, while Do Kwon has an extensive background in computer science and engineering. Their partnership is pivotal in steering the development and growth trajectory of the Terra Ecosystem. Investors in the Terra Ecosystem While detailed information about specific investors remains limited, it is widely acknowledged that Terraform Labs has garnered substantial financial support from a variety of angel investors and venture capital firms. This backing provides the necessary resources for the ongoing development and expansion of the Terra Ecosystem. The emphasis on acquiring diversified investment sources reflects the strong belief in the project's potential within the cryptocurrency community. How Does the Terra Ecosystem Work? At the core of the Terra Ecosystem's functionality lies its innovative proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. This allows holders of the LUNA token, the native currency of the ecosystem, to participate in the governance and operation of the network. The dual-token structure differentiates Terra from many other projects, with LUNA serving both as a stake for validators and as a governance token. The mechanism operates in a distinctive way, whereby the supply of LUNA backs the stablecoin UST. If the demand for UST increases, the algorithm automatically adjusts the supply of LUNA to maintain the stability of UST at its dollar peg. Users are enabled to exchange 1 UST for an equivalent value in LUNA, ensuring that fluctuations in demand do not affect the peg. This innovative approach enables the Terra Ecosystem to maintain price stability, one of its primary goals. Timeline of the Terra Ecosystem The development journey of the Terra Ecosystem has been marked by significant milestones: 2018: Establishment of Terraform Labs by Daniel Shin and Do Kwon, laying the groundwork for the Terra Ecosystem. April 2019: The initial release of the Terra blockchain, initiating its journey into the broader cryptocurrency landscape. 2021: Terra experiences remarkable growth as its total value locked (TVL) reaches new heights, positioning it as a dominant player in decentralized finance (DeFi). May 2022: A turbulent period arises as the Terra blockchain is temporarily halted following the collapse of UST and LUNA, leading to a significant impact on market perception and capitalization. January 2024: Terraform Labs files for bankruptcy, marking another critical event in the project's history, sparking discussions on the sustainability and future of the ecosystem. Key Components of the Terra Ecosystem A variety of features contribute to the unique functionality of the Terra Ecosystem: Core Functionality The Terra Ecosystem includes essential functionalities such as managing transaction fees, monitoring price fluctuations, and maintaining historical balances of transactions, all of which are crucial for ensuring user experience and operational integrity. Applications One of the flagship features of the Terra Ecosystem is its diverse array of applications. This includes: Anchor Protocol: A money market protocol that provides high stablecoin yields and tokenized stakes for users seeking to maximize returns on their investments. Mirroring Technology: Enabling users to create assets that mirror real-world assets and trades, allowing for broader use cases and applications. Chai: A payment platform designed to facilitate everyday transactions using Terra's stablecoin technology. Swaps and Exchanges The ecosystem provides functionality for seamless asset exchanges. Notable features include native swapping capabilities and platforms such as Terraswap, allowing users to exchange Terra assets efficiently while benefiting from competitive rates. Governance Governance plays a critical role in the decentralized nature of the Terra Ecosystem. Token holders use their LUNA tokens to propose changes or vote on proposals that affect the network, ensuring collective decision-making and community involvement in the ecosystem's evolution. Notable Projects in the Terra Ecosystem Beyond the core functionalities, the Terra Ecosystem is also home to notable projects that further augment its capabilities: Terraswap: This decentralized exchange (DEX) emerged to facilitate easy swapping of Terra assets, thus promoting a vibrant trading environment within the ecosystem. Astroport: Another DEX known for its high total value locked, Astroport enhances trading opportunities and liquidity provision for users. Loop Markets: This integrated exchange hub offers users a range of trading tools and services, significantly contributing to the user experience across the Terra platform. Conclusion The Terra Ecosystem stands as a significant player within the blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, aiming to create a stable and scalable financial platform designed for widespread cryptocurrency adoption. Although the ecosystem faced dramatic challenges, notably the collapse of its stablecoin UST and the LUNA token, it continues to adapt and evolve in the face of adversity. As the project navigates its future, it remains committed to its foundational vision of building practical products accessible to a broader audience, thereby reinforcing the potential of decentralized finance. The Terra Ecosystem, with its robust features and innovative approach, holds promise as it seeks to redefine the landscape of digital currency use, remaining a focal point for enthusiasts and investors alike in the ongoing evolution of blockchain technology.

995 Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

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