To be or not to be:加密普及与去中心化的悖论

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-06-20Last updated on 2024-06-20

Abstract

加密货币的核心价值究竟有多重要?

原文作者:Daniel Kuhn,CoinDesk

原文编译:比推 BitpushNews an

加密货币最好还是保持其小众市场的地位。

到目前为止,加密货币行业所面临过的最大危机无疑是 FTX 的迅速衰败和崩溃。Sam Bankman-Fried 的个人金库在崩溃时,曾是全球第三大加密货币交易平台。这一事件对整个行业造成了巨大的冲击,不仅导致加密货币价格暴跌,还波及了众多相关企业。

在 2022 年底,人们还不清楚加密货币这一概念是否能够东山再起——当时,被认为是最懂得消费者心理、最受信任的加密货币公司之一的明显欺诈行为,似乎验证了普遍的看法,即这一切不过是掩盖欺诈的幌子。

然而,时至今日,情况似乎有所好转,尽管人们普遍担忧行业正在重复过去的错误,可能再次面临惩罚。对于经验丰富的加密货币投资者和观察家来说,这一直是常态:自 2014 年比特币市场在 Mt. Gox 交易所倒闭后崩溃并随后复苏以来,市场的周期性波动已经成为日常生活的一部分。

但这个日趋成熟的行业竟然将这种兴衰交替的周期视为常态,这难道不奇怪吗?在我看来,任何区块链技术或消费者应用能否被广泛采纳,很大程度上取决于其代币价格——或者说整个行业——不应总是面临即将崩溃的风险。

加密货币发展的最大难题恰恰是其自身的增长。市场高涨时的极度乐观与低迷时的极度悲观,大约每四年就会循环一次,这正是加密货币追求广泛普及所带来的后果。

粗暴的普及过程

这个过程非常明显就是经济学家罗伯特·席勒(Robert Shiller)所描述的「非理性繁荣」的典型例证。承诺彻底改变从货币到互联网本身的核心价值导向激发了人们的兴趣。人们被去中心化的理念(或者对许多人而言,是快速获利的希望)所吸引。随着人气的上升,价格也随之上涨,这种上涨又进一步刺激了更多人的投资——直到某个环节出现问题。

几乎无一例外的是,失败的都是区块链原本旨在取代的那些事物。而这些事物,几乎总是为了使加密货币更易于被用户接受和使用而设计的。有一种普遍的观点认为,「大众」可能不会选择自我保管资产。但如果没有自我保管,像比特币这样的资产又有何意义呢?

投资银行 Galaxy Digital 的研究部门负责人 Alex Thorn 表示,「随着用户人数的增加,一个风险是新用户可能并不了解比特币的核心原则,比如去中心化、自我资产保管、硬通货等概念。如果这些新加入者不学习、不理解并支持这些核心理念,那么随着时间的流逝,那些使这些理念得以实现的协议特性可能就无法保持。」

采纳加密货币意味着要遵循法律(这常常与加密货币的价值观相冲突),并建立易于使用的登录方式(这些可能会遭到攻击)。去中心化的目标和大规模普及之间存在一种紧张关系。如果让加密货币发展得过于庞大,就可能破坏它真正有价值的功能。科罗拉多大学波尔德分校的媒体研究教授、《可治理空间》一书的作者内森·施耐德指出,「仅仅被融入主流金融体系,最终会失去许多由这项技术所提供的重要机遇。」

都柏林大学讲师保罗·迪伦 - 恩尼斯也表达了类似的观点,他说:「加密货币是一个不愿意承认自己是亚文化的亚文化。我们面临的许多问题都源于‘让下十亿人加入’的讨论,这导致我们的价值观逐渐退化。」

早已存在的「杀手级应用」

有一种讽刺在于,开发者、创始人和投资者用了 15 年时间和数十亿美元去寻找区块链的「杀手级应用」,但实际上它早已存在。中本聪以及那些真正追随他脚步的人,已经创造了可以自由使用且难以被轻易夺走的数字承载工具。

这便是加密货币的核心所在。

这也是为什么,尽管几乎没有人用比特币来买咖啡,但许多人却使用隐私币门罗币(XMR)在暗网上购买各种商品。如果你观察加密货币是如何与现实经济相连接的,你会发现它主要在一些特定领域发挥作用,包括黑市或灰色市场、稳定币汇款渠道以及业余爱好者的活动中。

请注意,这些市场规模庞大。但今天,当加密货币似乎正处于突破的边缘,这种使用方式与加密货币的投机性使用相比显得微不足道,资本投入进来,从一个币种跳到另一个币种,或从一个协议跳到另一个协议,使得数字不断上升——本质上是形成了一个循环经济。

这并无不妥。赌博在一定程度上也是一个应用场景。但如果人们希望加密货币能够被更有生产性地使用,开发者、创始人和投资者应该为那些真正需要抗审查货币和工具的人开发产品。基本上,这就意味着只有一小部分人会感兴趣。

这仅仅只是我的看法,很多人并不同意。

其他观点

Molly White,加密货币批判性新闻 Web3 IsGoingGreat 和《Citation Needed》的作者,认为加密货币已经成为主流。她在一条私信中表示,「尽管还有一些项目规模较小,属于细分市场,但当 Brian Armstrong 和 Sam Bankman-Fried 在国会中相互交流,BlackRock 和 Fidelity 推出比特币 ETF 时,我认为加密货币主流化的趋势已经不可逆转。」

隐私权倡导者、教育家以及门罗币的资深用户 SethforPrivacy 则持相反观点。他表示,「不幸的是,大多数人还没有认识到比特币的重要性,也不愿意承担那么多个人责任,因此我们必须将我们的努力集中在为那些今天真正认识到这一需求的人改善比特币上。」

还有一种论点认为,去中心化恰恰是加密货币能够实现全球普及的原因。

人权基金会的首席战略官 Alex Gladstein 这样表示,「比特币之所以能够在全球范围内崛起,唯一的原因就在于它最具有赛博朋克精神的属性:它不属于任何人,由用户来运营,而不是由国家或公司控制。」

不过,普通大众真正想要的是什么,这一点并不完全明确。以太坊的支持者 Emmanuel Awosika 举例说明,「尽管我们认为每个人都希望获得隐私保护、抗审查能力以及抵御国家攻击的能力,但有些人已经满足于能够解决问题且用户体验良好的产品。」

Awosika 补充道,虽然不是每个人都需要,更别提想要隐私保护、抗审查能力和最大程度的去中心化了,「但是我们应该努力让尽可能多的人拥有加密货币。」

同样,因「Roko’s basilisk」而出名的 Roko Mijic 认为,实际上是规模赋予了去中心化工具力量,这一点在比特币上尤为明显,因为比特币的矿工遍布世界各地,使其难以受到攻击。「在一个规模较小的加密网络中,你无法抵抗审查,因为政府可以轻易地摧毁整个网络,」Mijic 说。

芝加哥 Moonstone Research 的创始人 Justin Ehrenhofer 也表达了同样的看法,他指出,一种货币只有在被广泛接受时才有用,因此「赛博朋克应该专注于构建能够吸引外来者参与的系统。」然而,他也补充说,「随着大规模的普及」,加密货币的精神已经有所退化,因为普通用户将他们的资产存储在托管交易所中。

我认为这其中真正的问题是,加密货币的核心价值究竟有多重要?

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