UST陷入死亡螺旋后再聊算法稳定币

IOBC CapitalPublished on 2022-05-17Last updated on 2022-05-17

Abstract

我们不能因为当前阶段算法稳定币项目的失败,就一棍子打死算法稳定币的发展前景。

一度跻身全球第三大稳定币的TerraUSD(UST)在近日迅速崩盘了,此事不仅搅动了币圈,还吸引到了美国财政部长耶伦的关注。
5月10日的听证会上,耶伦强调了稳定币监管框架的必要性。她表示,目前的监管框架“没有为稳定币的风险提供一致和全面的标准”。而且,耶伦还特别提到了UST的大幅脱锚。
由于UST的崩盘,稳定币的发展获得了市场极大的关注度也遭到了很多质疑。什么是稳定币,什么是算法稳定币?为什么LUNA、UST会发生崩盘?
带着这些问题,我们先从稳定币的发展历程说起。区块链行业内的稳定币主要有三种:
1、法币抵押型稳定币
由于局部地区监管政策原因,交易所不能向该地区用户提供“法币直接购买加密货币”的服务,从而促进了第一代稳定币——法币抵押型稳定币——的发展。
法币抵押型稳定币的主要特征是以法币作为底层资产,中心化机构作为承兑商,中心化机构有刚性兑付的责任。其中,USDT、USDC和BUSD是主要代表。
USDT
USDT是Tether公司推出的锚定美元的稳定币。USDT与其他加密货币一样,建立在区块链上,目前可以在Ethererum、Tron、Solana、Algorand、EOS、Omni、Avalanche等多个公链上铸造和交易。
USDT的发行、流通、销毁机制如下:

算法稳定币

制图:IOBC Capital
 Tether公司号称严格遵守1:1准备金保证,即每发行1个USDT,其银行账户就有1美元的保证金。USDT的储备价值每天发布并至少每天更新一次,储备金每季度审查一次。

算法稳定币

资料来源:Tether官网
根据2021年12月31日的储备报告披露,Tether的储备金并不是全部为现金,而是包含了现金和银行存款、国库券、商业票据和存款证、货币市场基金、反向回购票据、公司债券、基金、贵金属、担保贷款、其他投资等。
USDC
USDC是由Circle公司发行的一种完全抵押的锚定美元的稳定币,得Coinbase大力支持。均富会计师事务所(Grant Thornton)每个月会发布一篇公开报告披露Circle发行的USDC的财务状况。
Circle由高盛集团、IDG、中金公司、光大、百度、比特大陆和宜信产业基金等机构投资,拥有美国除夏威夷外各州、英国和欧盟的支付牌照以及纽约州Bitlicense,是加密资产行业全球牌照数目最多的公司,拥有美元、英镑、欧元进出加密资产的合规通路。
BUSD
BUSD是由纽约州金融服务部(NYDFS)批准,由币安与Paxos合作发行的锚定美元的稳定币。目前BUSD已经是仅次于USDT和USDC的第三大稳定币。

算法稳定币

算法稳定币

法币抵押型稳定币基本可以满足普通交易用户的需求,而且具有确保锚定和资本效率高的优点,但是由于其中心化特点,底层资产储备率不透明等问题,也经常遭到质疑。而且它们是需要许可的,且受监管。
2、超额抵押型稳定币
超额抵押型稳定币的主要特征是以主流币(ETH、BTC等)超额抵押作为底层资产。超额抵押型稳定币以MakerDAO的DAI为主要代表。
超额抵押型稳定币,顾名思义:抵押资产的价值>铸造的稳定币价值。比如:质押价值100美元的ETH,只能铸造70个DAI。跌破最低质押率时,会被要求补仓,若未补仓从而跌破清算线,则会被平仓清算,还会产生清算罚金。
据Footprint Analytics数据,目前超额抵押型稳定币的市场规模大概为80亿美元。

算法稳定币

数据来源:Footprint Analytics 
超额抵押型稳定币最大的特点是稳定性好,不用担心中心化机构的不透明问题;缺点是资金效率低,对智能合约的安全性要求较高,同时对区块链网络的性能也有一定要求,尤其是在抵押资产价格巨幅波动时。
3、算法稳定币
无论是法币抵押型稳定币,还是超额抵押型稳定币,各自都有其缺点。所以,业内出现了对算法稳定币的探索。
人们对算法稳定币的态度,一般呈现两级分化:支持者认为算法稳定币是一场货币改革,反对者则将其视为庞氏骗局。

算法稳定币

图表来源:Footprint Aanlytics
算法稳定币的发展历程其实非常坎坷,从AMPL、ESD到BAC,再到Frax、Fei、OHM,这些算法稳定币都曾经在圈内获得一些的关注,却也都难免草草收场。真正在市值方面实现飞跃的是UST,最高曾经超过180亿美元,一度超过BUSD跻身全球第三大稳定币。
UST(TerraUSD)
UST是Terra推出的算法稳定币。Terra在2018年推出Terra公链及其原生代币LUNA,后面又设计了双币系统——LUNA和UST之间双向销毁铸造,以套利机制使UST维持在1美元。
UST的铸造和销毁逻辑:
当1 LUNA = 100 U时,销毁1 LUNA可铸造100 UST;销毁1 UST可铸造0.01 LUNA。

算法稳定币

UST维持稳定的机制:
UST是通过套利机制来实现稳定的。当UST>1美元时,用户可以通过销毁价值1美元的LUNA来铸造1个UST,然后在二级市场抛售UST从而获利;当UST<1美元时,用户可以销毁1个UST来铸造价值1美元的LUNA,然后在二级市场抛售LUNA从而获利。
举例:
当1 UST = 1.5美元时,用户可以通过销毁1美元的LUNA来铸造1个UST,然后在二级市场以1.5美元的价格卖出,从而获利0.5美元,这种卖盘多了后UST的价格就会向1美元靠近;
当1 UST = 0.5美元时,用户可以从二级市场以0.5美元的价格购买UST,然后销毁1个UST可铸造价值1美元的LUNA,然后在二级市场抛售LUNA,从而获利0.5美元,通过套利行为将UST的价格拉回1美元。
为什么UST能发展到180亿美元的市场规模?
UST最高的时候曾经达到180亿美元的市场规模,Terra公链的原生代币LUNA则涨到了超过400亿美元的流通市值。除了牛市的周期溢价,也仰仗其公链生态的DEFI发展。
首先,Terra基于公链原生代币LUNA,推出算法稳定币UST。而且通过韩国第二大支付集团投资的背书,为UST设计了使用场景——消费、支付、电商等。比如,Terra与移动支付应用Chai合作,允许企业轻松实现结算交易,Chai的用户总数高达230万人。
其次,Terra还推出了合成资产协议Mirror,增加UST的金融应用。在Mirror协议中可以将UST超额抵押生成合成资产(比如:谷歌、苹果、亚马逊、特斯拉等头部科技公司的股票),以满足那些没有办法直接投资这些资产(美股)的用户的投资需求。
最后,Terra最疯狂的是推出了一个年化收益率高达20%的储蓄协议Anchor。用户只需要将UST存储在Anchor协议中,就可以获得年化近20%的活期收益以及ANC代币激励。
基于以上支付、投资、储蓄等多种使用场景,Terra建立了一个高杠杆的生态系统。短短两年时间,LUNA发展到了超过400亿美元市值,铸造发行了180亿美元UST。

算法稳定币

这看似发展得非常好,但其实UST的铸造逻辑、UST的维稳逻辑,已经注定了今天的崩盘结局。
查理·芒格(Charlie Munger)有句名言:告诉我你的动机,我就能告诉你你的下场。
社区已经有不少人怀疑,Terra的崩盘有可能是项目方高位套现的结果。为什么会有这个感觉呢?社区主要提出了四个问题:
1、资金走向。是谁铸造了LUNA和UST,又是谁接盘了?
主要是项目方在铸造,是众多崩盘时的LUNA持有者、UST持有者接盘。
2、稳定币存储凭什么给到高达20%的年化收益率?
为了吸引更多人、更多资金接盘。投资者必须持有UST并且拿去Staking才能获得年化20%的收益率。Anchor协议的借款人拿这些资金去做什么能保证20%以上的年化收益?
3、超过8万个比特币究竟哪里去了?
这个问题应该是目前人们最关心的问题,包括币安的CZ也曾在Twitter公开喊话:当Terra陷入困境时,Terra的比特币储备去了哪里。
5月9日UST开始下跌时,LFG宣布将开始处置这8万多个比特币储备以稳定UST与美元的挂钩。第二天,LFG的比特币储备就被清空了。
根据加密数据分析公司Elliptic的链上追踪显示,有52189个BTC转入Gemini,另有28205.5个BTC转入Binance。

算法稳定币

资料来源:Elliptic
5月9日上午,LFG宣布将“向场外交易公司抵押BTC贷款7.5亿美元,以帮助UST重新挂钩”,同一时间,22189 BTC(当时价值约7.5亿美元)从LFG地址转出。5月9日晚些时间,又有一笔30000BTC的转账到同一个地址。随后几个小时,这52189 BTC被转入位于Gemini交易所,后面就无法判断这些比特币是被出售以支持UST价格还是转移到其他钱包。
同样,LFG基金会剩余的28205.5 BTC在5月10日转入Binance交易所后,也无法确定这些BTC是被出售以支持UST,还是转移到其他钱包。
面对社区的质疑,LFG基金会尚未对这超8万枚BTC的处置细节做具体披露。
4、无论LUNA崩盘与否、UST脱锚与否,Terra团队凭什么额外铸造一大堆LUNA?
除了8万个比特币的去向不明外,Terra团队在5月10日-13日之间额外增发了超过6万亿枚LUNA,这一点是完全不合理的,也违背了区块链精神。
基于以上,社区提出了质疑:Terra项目中LUNA、UST的崩盘本质上可能是项目方高位套现的结果。为什么Terra不是直接高位抛售LUNA?因为大多数LUNA代币实际上是掌握在项目方手中,如果项目方直接在二级市场抛售LUNA,最高400亿美元的市值是无法套现出超过8万个比特币(当时价值超过32亿美元)的,更遑论铸造180亿美元的UST。而且Mirror、Anchor这些以高收益锁定UST流动性的金融协议,有力地支持了其套现行动的实现。这就类似证券市场的大股东套现,他们往往也不是直接在二级市场抛售,而是以抵押贷款的方式——将股份抵押给银行,从银行贷款出资金。
总结
UST崩盘的教训,应该引起其他类似算法稳定币项目的警惕,比如Waves的USDN。Waves公链生态中的Vires借贷协议,其中的USDT、USDC稳定币的借贷年化利率已经有一段时间高达40%,究竟是用来做什么,能接受如此高的稳定币借贷利率,这一点也遭到了社区的质疑。
各个类型的稳定币,都有其优缺点。法币锚定型稳定币有其中心化、不透明、受监管等缺陷,却也有资本效率高、确保锚定等优势;超额抵押型稳定币,稳定性好、去中心化、抗审查,但其资本效率低。算法稳定币虽然已经经历了好几代的发展、演变,但确实至今还没有“大而不倒”的成功案例。
在算法稳定币的核心机制设计上,可能还需要很多实践探索。至少有以下几个方面需要考虑:
第一,算法稳定币的底层资产选择方面。以UST为例,它以LUNA为铸造和销毁时对应的底层资产,但是LUNA本身的共识是否已经足够大?这在Terra生态也许有共识,但销毁LUNA铸造的UST在更大的加密社区、在韩国传统消费市场、在全球金融领域,实际上这个共识就不够牢固了。LUNA代币本身的分散程度太低了、是高度集中的,很难不让人觉得是项目方在LUNA价格高的时候二级市场出不了货,遂铸造成UST实现高位套现,这于UST的后续持有人、使用人而言,无疑是个高风险事件。
第二,怎样的抵押(销毁)参数能够兼顾安全性和资本效率。仍以UST为例,销毁价值1美元的LUNA即可铸造1 UST,相对于DAI这类超额抵押型稳定币,UST这个算法稳定币的资本效率是高很多的,它本来就没有选择具有全球共识的BTC、ETH作为底层铸造资产,又没有设置高于100%的抵押率。抵押(销毁)参数的设定是需要考虑在底层资产价格波动时不能触发资不抵债的情况。
第三,稳定币的使用需求和铸造谁先谁后、如何调控。因为它是稳定币,理论上没有投资价值,如果它没有充足的使用价值、使用场景,是很难保持其共识的,所以我感觉可能需要基于使用需求、使用率来严格控制铸造数量,从而控制整体风险。不是为了锁定其流通而设置的虚假使用需求,而是真实地作为一般等价物。
我们不能因为当前阶段算法稳定币项目的失败,就一棍子打死算法稳定币的发展前景。经济学家弗里德里希·奥古斯特·冯·哈耶克在《货币非国家化》中写道:“我相信人类可以比历史上的黄金做得更好。”
加密世界中也许会出现一款能够得到足够大共识的算法稳定币,就像如今比特币的影响范围和认可度一样。也许像比特币一样,共识就那样产生了,谁知道呢。

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Sustainable Tax Structure The project's tax model is specifically designed to encourage sustainable growth, balancing the need for ongoing project development with the goal of enhancing token value. This innovative tax structure serves the dual purpose of supporting the community's interests while maintaining a healthy ecosystem for the project. Timeline of Luna28 A well-charted timeline helps in understanding the progression and milestones of Luna28. Here’s a synopsis of important events in the project’s history: Stealth Launch: The project entered the crypto arena under a stealth launch, garnering significant community interest and posting a remarkable 1792% increase from its initial listing. This initial surge indicated strong community reception and a solid foundation for future growth. Token Burns: Committing to its unique approach, Luna28 plans to burn 28% of its token supply over a three-year period, timed specifically during lunar and solar eclipses. Community members eagerly await their opportunities to participate in these events. Community Involvement: Emphasizing transparency and the importance of community feedback, Luna28 plans to notify its users in advance about upcoming token burn events. This engagement approach encourages active participation, fostering a strong sense of community. Key Features Luna28's distinctive features bolster its appeal within the cryptocurrency sector: Hyper Deflationary Nature: The project's focus on hyper deflationary mechanics enables a strategic reduction in supply, aiming for enhanced value retention. Incentives for Early Engagement: The project rewards early participants with direct benefits, which cultivates a proactive community eager to contribute. Commitment to Community Development: The sustainable tax model not only ensures the project's growth but also actively involves the community in shaping its future direction. Conclusion Luna28 represents a unique fusion of technology, community engagement, and celestial inspiration in the cryptocurrency landscape. By integrating innovative mechanisms such as token burns during astrological events and creating engaging lunar-themed NFTs, the project distinguishes itself as a trailblazer within its niche. As a community-driven endeavor, Luna28 promises to deliver not just another cryptocurrency but an experience that marries elements of cosmic fascination with blockchain technology. With its innovative features and strong emphasis on community involvement, Luna28 has the potential to create a lasting impact in the world of digital currencies. The connection it forges between its users and the universe represents not only a creative endeavor but also a brilliantly calculated business strategy poised for growth. As we observe the evolution of Luna28, it is evident that it is more than just a token; it is a concept that encourages its community to look up at the cosmos and ponder their place within it, all while navigating the exciting world of cryptocurrency. The future for Luna28 looks bright and full of potential, eagerly awaiting its next lunar cycle.

794 Total ViewsPublished 2024.04.01Updated 2024.12.03

What is $LUNA

What is TERRA

Exploring the Terra Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, the Terra Ecosystem has emerged as an ambitious project designed to facilitate a decentralized financial system. This innovative platform focuses on creating stable and scalable algorithmic stablecoins, aimed at driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. In this article, we will delve into the foundational aspects of the Terra Ecosystem, exploring its operational mechanisms, its creators, investors, notable components, and the timeline of its development. What is the Terra Ecosystem? Founded in 2018, the Terra Ecosystem is a layer-one blockchain designed to provide an efficient and reliable payment platform. The core mission of Terra is to create a preferred form of money that is not only decentralized but also practical for everyday use. At the heart of the ecosystem is its native algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD (UST), which is pegged to the US dollar using an innovative algorithmic mechanism. This unique approach addresses a common concern in the cryptocurrency space: the volatility that often accompanies digital assets. The Terra Ecosystem aims to enhance the usability of cryptocurrencies by creating an environment where digital currencies function similarly to traditional currencies. By being user-friendly and stable, Terra sets out to attract users outside of the crypto community, ultimately fostering mass adoption. The Creators of the Terra Ecosystem The Terra Ecosystem emerged under the guidance of its co-founders Daniel Shin and Do Kwon. Both individuals, with a wealth of experience in entrepreneurship and technology, launched Terraform Labs to spearhead this groundbreaking project. Daniel Shin, a prominent figure in the South Korean tech landscape, has co-founded multiple tech companies, while Do Kwon has an extensive background in computer science and engineering. Their partnership is pivotal in steering the development and growth trajectory of the Terra Ecosystem. Investors in the Terra Ecosystem While detailed information about specific investors remains limited, it is widely acknowledged that Terraform Labs has garnered substantial financial support from a variety of angel investors and venture capital firms. This backing provides the necessary resources for the ongoing development and expansion of the Terra Ecosystem. The emphasis on acquiring diversified investment sources reflects the strong belief in the project's potential within the cryptocurrency community. How Does the Terra Ecosystem Work? At the core of the Terra Ecosystem's functionality lies its innovative proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. This allows holders of the LUNA token, the native currency of the ecosystem, to participate in the governance and operation of the network. The dual-token structure differentiates Terra from many other projects, with LUNA serving both as a stake for validators and as a governance token. The mechanism operates in a distinctive way, whereby the supply of LUNA backs the stablecoin UST. If the demand for UST increases, the algorithm automatically adjusts the supply of LUNA to maintain the stability of UST at its dollar peg. Users are enabled to exchange 1 UST for an equivalent value in LUNA, ensuring that fluctuations in demand do not affect the peg. This innovative approach enables the Terra Ecosystem to maintain price stability, one of its primary goals. Timeline of the Terra Ecosystem The development journey of the Terra Ecosystem has been marked by significant milestones: 2018: Establishment of Terraform Labs by Daniel Shin and Do Kwon, laying the groundwork for the Terra Ecosystem. April 2019: The initial release of the Terra blockchain, initiating its journey into the broader cryptocurrency landscape. 2021: Terra experiences remarkable growth as its total value locked (TVL) reaches new heights, positioning it as a dominant player in decentralized finance (DeFi). May 2022: A turbulent period arises as the Terra blockchain is temporarily halted following the collapse of UST and LUNA, leading to a significant impact on market perception and capitalization. January 2024: Terraform Labs files for bankruptcy, marking another critical event in the project's history, sparking discussions on the sustainability and future of the ecosystem. Key Components of the Terra Ecosystem A variety of features contribute to the unique functionality of the Terra Ecosystem: Core Functionality The Terra Ecosystem includes essential functionalities such as managing transaction fees, monitoring price fluctuations, and maintaining historical balances of transactions, all of which are crucial for ensuring user experience and operational integrity. Applications One of the flagship features of the Terra Ecosystem is its diverse array of applications. This includes: Anchor Protocol: A money market protocol that provides high stablecoin yields and tokenized stakes for users seeking to maximize returns on their investments. Mirroring Technology: Enabling users to create assets that mirror real-world assets and trades, allowing for broader use cases and applications. Chai: A payment platform designed to facilitate everyday transactions using Terra's stablecoin technology. Swaps and Exchanges The ecosystem provides functionality for seamless asset exchanges. Notable features include native swapping capabilities and platforms such as Terraswap, allowing users to exchange Terra assets efficiently while benefiting from competitive rates. Governance Governance plays a critical role in the decentralized nature of the Terra Ecosystem. Token holders use their LUNA tokens to propose changes or vote on proposals that affect the network, ensuring collective decision-making and community involvement in the ecosystem's evolution. Notable Projects in the Terra Ecosystem Beyond the core functionalities, the Terra Ecosystem is also home to notable projects that further augment its capabilities: Terraswap: This decentralized exchange (DEX) emerged to facilitate easy swapping of Terra assets, thus promoting a vibrant trading environment within the ecosystem. Astroport: Another DEX known for its high total value locked, Astroport enhances trading opportunities and liquidity provision for users. Loop Markets: This integrated exchange hub offers users a range of trading tools and services, significantly contributing to the user experience across the Terra platform. Conclusion The Terra Ecosystem stands as a significant player within the blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, aiming to create a stable and scalable financial platform designed for widespread cryptocurrency adoption. Although the ecosystem faced dramatic challenges, notably the collapse of its stablecoin UST and the LUNA token, it continues to adapt and evolve in the face of adversity. As the project navigates its future, it remains committed to its foundational vision of building practical products accessible to a broader audience, thereby reinforcing the potential of decentralized finance. The Terra Ecosystem, with its robust features and innovative approach, holds promise as it seeks to redefine the landscape of digital currency use, remaining a focal point for enthusiasts and investors alike in the ongoing evolution of blockchain technology.

993 Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

What is TERRA

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of LUNA (LUNA) are presented below.

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