从真金白银的资金易手,看 Luna 崩盘的底层数学规律

火星财经Published on 2022-05-16Last updated on 2022-05-16

Abstract

要深刻理解其本质,得先了解「虚市值」这个基础概念。

这两天币圈发生了有史以来数得着的天量财富转移,你在这次转移中,是赚了还是亏了?如果你不懂数学,那肯定是会亏的,因为这次 Luna 归零的例子非常极端,400 亿美元在 2 天内彻底归零。
截止目前,我还没看到有哪篇文章,从资金易手(也就是真金白银去哪了)的角度谈这次 Luna 归零事件的,那我就来谈一谈吧。这将是我写的最深的一篇文章之一,请各位跟上。
不要问我为什么鸽了 11 号的文章,凡是市场情绪极端时(恐慌或狂热),就是到处都能轻松捡钱的时候,相信很多人和我一样,这两天都只睡了几个小时。能在昨天晚上挤出时间,写了一篇《USDT 在近期没有脱锚的风险》来避免市场过度恐慌,就已经不错了。
一、UST Stablecoin 的机制
要说明这次 Luna 归零事件,得先讲一下 UST Stablecoin 的稳定机制。UST 是一个目标锚定 1 美元的算法 Stablecoin。锚定机制是:双币销毁铸造:
Luna 是 UST 的项目币,自由涨跌。
UST 通过和 Luna 的「双向销毁铸造」来锚定 1 美元:
a、当 UST 价格大于 1 时(例如 1.01 美元),可以通过销毁价值 1 美元 Luna,来得到 1 个 UST,然后卖出 1UST 得到 1.01 美元,获利 0.01 美元。
b、反过来,当 UST 价格小于 1 时(例如 0.99 美元),可以用 0.99 美元买入 1UST,销毁 1 个 UST,来得到价值 1 美元的 Luna,然后卖出 Luna 得到 1 美元,获利 0.01 美元。

市值


套利机制如上图所示,当然其中有一些摩擦费用(例如系统铸造费用,交易费等),1.01 是不够套利成本的,要再高一些才够。
因此,通过套利者的不断套利,只要 Luna 的总市值正常,UST 就能稳定在 1 美元。而 UST 生态的发展,又会将交易费手续费等利润,反哺给 Luna(Luna 本质上是这套系统的股权),提高 Luna 的总市值。
那 Luna 这次为什么归零了?要深刻理解其本质,得先了解「虚市值」这个基础概念。虚市值的概念我在之前 2019 年 10 月 29 日的文章(BTC 那时候价格 9204 美元)《比特币涨到十万美元需要多少资金?》中讲过一次,如果没看过的话,我简单讲一下。
二、虚市值
简单一句话:
「总市值」只是个统计值,不是真金白银。
举一个最简单的例子:张三发行了一个有 1 亿发行量的币,然后以 10 元卖了 1 个给李四,那么这个币的总市值就是 1 亿个*10 元=10 亿元,但如果张三这时候说,我这个币总市值 10 亿元,我打一折,1 亿卖给你,你会买吗?
你肯定不会买对吧?因为这个币的交易量远低于总市值,根本不值钱。
这是第一步,基本没人会上当,但稍微换了下花样,就会有很多人掉坑里了。我在《比特币涨到十万美元需要多少资金?》里举了一个例子:
一家股票型基金,基金历史成长性很好,每年都赚 10%~30%,到现在基金持有的几只股票,净值 100 亿。请问,基金打个 5 折,50 亿整个(包括股票一起)卖给你,你愿意买吗?
给你一分钟时间思考
……

这个坑和前一个问题是一样的:你手上有 1 亿股票,每股价格 10 元,那就值 10 亿元真金白银(红色面积)吗?

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当然不值 10 亿元,你要把这 10 亿市值股票在市场上卖出,换回的真金白银(红色部分),可能远远不到 10 亿。

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你要卖出 1 亿股,愿意 10 元买的可能只有 300 万股,9 元 500 万股,价格越往下,买单越多,可能要卖到 2 元,才能把这 1 亿股卖完。卖完加一起,你总共只拿到了 3 亿的真金白银。
那剩下 7 亿元的「财富」哪去了?不不不,这 7 亿元只是个虚值,从来都不是真金白银。把一股的最后成交价 10 元乘以数量 1 亿股,得到的总市值 10 亿元,和真正的 10 亿真金白银,中间的差距从 1% 到 100% 都有可能。1 亿股占总股本的比例越大,差距百分比也越大,总共就 1.1 亿股的话,卖掉 1 亿股足以砸掉 90% 以上的价格。
三、如何利用虚市值赚钱
其实很简单,只要用「总市值」这个统计值,去换低认知的人的真金白银就行了。比如一开始举的例子,基金这 100 亿股票怎么来的?可能只是基金只花 30 亿元,购买控盘几只股票,逐渐做出来的

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再复习一下这个图,既然市值 10 亿的股票砸下来,最后只能卖出 3 亿真金白银,也就意味着如果花 3 亿真金白银逐步吸筹,在控盘度越来越高的情况下,只要花少量的钱,就能推高很大的总市值。
不过到最后,这 10 亿市值做出来了,但只是虚的,要是再卖出去,又只能卖出 3 亿真金白银,白忙乎一场,那怎么办呢?
简单,这股票是用基金逐渐买入的,把基金卖给低认知的散户好了:看看,我这基金(山寨币)很优质的,每年都盈利 20% 哦,现在基金持有市值 100 亿元的股票,卖你 100 亿真金白银,你不亏的哦。
看到了吧?不好好学习,提高认知能力,就是这个后果,被卖了还不知道是怎么卖的。
四、Luna 中的虚市值
Luna 在脱锚前,最高到过 400 亿美元的总市值

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但根据虚市值,假设有人用无限多的 Luna 砸盘,那能卖出来的美元,是远低于 400 亿美元的,具体能卖出多少,这次就发生了一次极其罕见的社会实验,后面给出数据。
UST 在 Luna 生态发展的过程中,逐渐通过 Luna 销毁生成,在 5 月 9 日脱锚前,总市值为 187 亿美元,此时 Luna 总市值为 204 亿美元。

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有人这时候就说,Luna 总市值快小于 UST 了,UST 快锚定不住了,这说法对吗?
给你 1 分钟时间思考,看你是否真正理解了「虚市值」这个概念(而不是仅仅「知道」)。
……
……(强迫症不用数了,省略号共 20 个)
……
这说法当然不对,因为 Luna 在 1:1 之前,早就锚定不住 UST 了,Luna 能卖出的真金白银远小于总市值。从这次社会实验的结果来看,Luna 总市值要至少 10~20 倍于 UST 才可能锚定住。
Luna 协议要能长时间运行,必须设置 UST 总市值小于 Luna 总市值 10% 的硬顶(最好是 5%),并在 Luna 总市值下跌时,对应销毁 UST,当然这也无法防止 Luna 在总市值下跌时,发生死亡螺旋并最终归零,但至少不会那么惨烈,近 400 亿美元市值在 2 天内归零(204 亿美元的 Luna 和 186 亿美元的 UST)。
五、Luna 创始人 Do Kwon 的巨额套现
那么,就有了一个很有趣的问题,Luna 什么时候跨过了「UST 总市值占比过大」这个鬼门关的?

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下图这段 UST 发行量直线飙升,就是 Do Kwon 将大量 Luna 销毁铸造成 UST。

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增发前 2021 年 11 月 9 日,Luna 总市值 201 亿美元,UST 总市值 28.8 亿美元,占比 14%。
11 月 20 日 UST 增发完成后,Luna 总市值 180 亿美元,UST 发行量 71.7 亿美元(增发了 42.9 亿美元),占比 40%,Luna 进入「一碰就倒」的归零倒计时。
这些 Luna 名义上是社区池的,但实际上是 Do Kwon 自己控制的,本质上就是 Do Kwon 自己的。
这是一个非常高明的套现行为,如果 Do Kwon 在 Luna 总市值 201 亿美元(总币量 4 亿个)时,卖掉 8867 万 Luna(占总量 22%)的话,最多只能卖 20 亿美元。因为按 5 月 11 日的实际砸盘结果,8120 万 Luna 币就能把 Luna 总市值从 196 亿美元,砸到 25 亿美元(砸掉了 87%),同时只销毁了 19.4 亿 UST。

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而 Do Kwon 通过将 Luna 的虚市值,铸造为 UST 的方法,在市场毫无波动的情况下,获得了 40 亿 UST。这时候,最迷惑人的一个障眼法就来了:
UST 是 Luna 虚市值的一部分,有很大折扣,UST 不是真金白银。但 UST 看起来又很像美元,在少量兑换时也可以按 1:1 兑换为美元。
这时候,就看哪些数学不好的人,愿意接受「假币」UST 了。
六、Do Kwon 买入的 8 万个 BTC
那么 Do Kwon 销毁 Luna 产生的 40 亿 UST「假币」都花到哪了呢?
手上有假币,当然要去买保值的硬通货,所以 Do Kwon 都去买了 BTC。

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从 Luna 基金会(LFG)公布的一个存币地址查看 bc1q9d4ywgfnd8h43da5tpcxcn6ajv590cg6d3tg6axemvljvt2k76zs50tv4q

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42530 个 BTC 的买入均价是 42152 美元(假设转入时间等于买入时间),乘以 8.04 万 BTC 就是 33.89 亿美元,接近铸造的 UST 金额,剩下的 USDT 估计是 Do Kwon 留着备用的(Do Kwon 还用 UST 换了 12 亿美元的 USDT)。
更讽刺的是,Do Kwon 还卖了 10 亿美元的 Luna 给机构。

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Jump Crypto、三箭资本、Republic Capital、GSR 这些机构将被永远地钉在耻辱柱上,这么简单一个数学障眼法,内部流程没有一个人审出问题。为什么这些机构看不懂这么简单的一个数学障眼法呢?不要迷信机构,圈外再牛逼的机构,在币圈都是大号韭菜,这些机构里的分析管理人员,也只是普通人而已。
那么,下一个万众瞩目的问题就是:
七、Do Kwon 用 8 万个 BTC 救市了吗?
要是传统资金市场,这就是个谁也不知道的黑箱,可惜 Do Kwon 操纵的是一切透明的区块链,那就一目了然了。
Do Kwon 于 5 月 10 日 2~4 点(UTC+8 北京时间,下同)移动了
bc1q9d4ywgfnd8h43da5tpcxcn6ajv590cg6d3tg6axemvljvt2k76zs50tv4q 里的 42530 BTC 和
bc1qkhl4pt957urd8sleys3p00ua2h23nl3hghhtkyaatgzapj9kflhqar0jdv 里的 12581 BTC
以上的 5.5 万 BTC 是从 Luna 基金会地址打出去的,另外还有 2.5 万 BTC 只是 Do Kwon 声称有,不能确认是否真实存在。
这些币充入了各大交易平台,例如根据 bitinfocharts.com 的标记,其中的 3 万 BTC 最终进入了 OKEX 的地址 1NYAd6fA2dc5xowuweFUSDRqRTEzDwk28

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但 10 日 2 点后的 BTC 价格却没有明明显下跌,一直在横盘,完全不是 8 万个 BTC 砸盘的表现。一直到 11 日晚上 8:30(美国公布 4 月 CPI 通胀数据)后,BTC 价格才出现剧烈波动。

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另一个更坚固的数学证据是:假设 Do Kwon 真的用了这 20~30 亿美元资金,在脱锚点(5 月 10 日 0 点)后的 2~4 小时内救市,那在各种数据统计曲线上将能看到明显的痕迹,尤其是在脱锚刚开始的数据段,毕竟 UST 到现在总共也就逃了(销毁了)74 亿美元出来,20~30 亿美元的救市资金,足以造成明显的曲线变形。
但是,以下从脱锚点(5 月 10 日 0 点)开始的数据统计曲线都非常顺滑,符合自由落体脱锚的表现
例如「UST 累计币数销毁量」开始慢(因为市场还没恐慌),中间快,最后慢(因为 Luna 都被换完了),基本对称。

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这是什么?这就是个标准的皮尔曲线。

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解释一下皮尔曲线:
当经济变量的发展变化表现为初期增长速度缓慢,随后增长速度逐渐加快,达到一定程度后又逐渐减慢,最后达到饱和状态的趋势,即原时间序列倒数的一阶差分的环比为一个常数,可以用皮尔曲线来描述。
这次脱锚后 UST 的销毁,完美适合这种数学模型,并且画出了一个标准的皮尔曲线。这哪里有 20~30 亿美元人为救市干预的痕迹?我估计 Do Kwon 就用小指头象征性地救了一下市,把 8 万个 BTC 全部装进了自己的腰包
「UST 累计币数销毁量 占 Luna 总市值减少 百分比」这个指标也基本平滑,说明销毁的 UST 均匀地由 Luna 总市值减少来吸收

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据说现在韩国有人线下去堵 Do Kwon 肉身,Do Kwon 已经向警方求助了,我只能说,这条路对了。Do Kwon 手上肯定还有很多 BTC,甚至没有将任何 BTC 用于救市,自己搞出来的局,自己还不清楚结果吗?各大交易平台有义务调查 Do Kwon 充入 BTC 后的交易行为。
Do Kwon 如果要自证清白也很简单,公布由交易平台联合作证的 UST 买入记录,并把救市买入的至少 40~50 亿 UST 提现到链上地址,向全网证明即可。
八、Luna&UST 归零中,损失的资金都到哪去了?
损失中的一半是持有 Luna 的人,不过这些人本来就是 Luna 投资者,盈亏同源。
比较惨的是在 Luna 下跌过程中接死亡螺旋的人。他们以为 Luna 这样一个市值前十,数百亿美元的项目,在跌掉 90%,99%,99.9% 后会止跌。

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还有满仓进去赌一把的

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但经过上面的分析,大家应该知道,在 187 亿美元的 UST 全部逃出之前,Luna 将有无限增发的抛压,所有在中途接盘 Luna 的人,他们买入 Luna 的真金白银,实际上是在解救持有 UST 的人,除非接盘资金大于 187 亿美元,否则 Luna 只有归零的一个结局。
而 204 亿美元市值的 Luna,有可能有 187 亿美元真金白银的接盘资金吗?当然不可能,Luna 在从 57 美元跌到 4.1 美元,总市值缩水 90% 后,仅仅逃出了 23.8 亿美元的 UST。
从 23.8 亿到 74 亿之间逃出来的 UST,就要感谢各路看 Luna 便宜,又不懂数学的抄底资金了:
57 美元到 4.1 美元之间的买入资金,解救了 23.8 亿美元的 UST。
4.12 美元到 1 美元之间的抄底资金,解救了 29.2 亿美元的 UST。
1 美元到 0.1 美元之间的抄底资金,解救了 16.8 亿美元的 UST。
0.1 美元以下的抄底资金,解救了 4.2 亿美元的 UST。
以上慈善资金共解救了 74 亿美元的 UST,最终剩下了 113 亿美元的 UST 归零。
所以,我 5 月 11 日课后作业第 2 问考察的是:
你是否理解,抄底资金本质上是去解救 UST 的,而币价越低,能吸引的抄底资金越多。
Luna 币价 0~1 美元(对应市值变化 11.3 亿美元)的抄底资金,解救了 21 亿美元的 UST。
这几乎和 Luna 币价 57~4.1 美元(对应市值变化 176.7 亿美元)解救的 23.8 亿美元一样多,所以答案是小于。
九、如何在 UST 脱锚中赚钱?
这是我 5 月 11 日课后作业第 1 问。赚钱的方法,可以大体分为四层:道体用术。

1. 能量守恒。
2. 熵增不可逆,减熵(秩序)无法凭空产生。
所有的系统都会往混乱发展,除非有外部能量的注入。例如你的房间永远会变得更乱,除非你消耗能量整理房间。这里我要再强调一次,知道某些规则(例如能量守恒)和理解这些规则,中间差距的鸿沟大于十万八千里。
为什么理科生收入比文科生更高,并且更多地主导了社会?虽然理科生和文科生都知道能量守恒,但理科生通过数以万计的题目练习,将「能量守恒」这样世界运行的基本规律,深刻写入本能。
在面对同一个坑时,理科生更容易看出:这里不守恒。

因为熵增不可逆,所以将「算法 Stablecoin」作为一个独立系统,除非有源源不断的外部能量注入(例如外部持续输入的增长、救市等资金),否则算法 Stablecoin 必将归于混乱(脱锚)。
虚市值导致死亡螺旋发生时,10 倍的 Luna 也托不住 1 倍的 UST 市值,更不用说 UST 市值甚至接近 Luna 市值。

1. 获利方法:在课后作业中,很多人都说应该做空 Luna,这个回答对吗?
给你 1 分钟时间思考。
……
……(省略号其实是 21 个,你被骗了吗?)
……(Don't trust, verify it 不要信任,验证它)
……(这才是区块链世界应该奉行的原则)
……(不按原则行事,你在区块链世界会死得很惨)
……

错误,因为在任何时间点,都不能预测 Luna 的涨跌,除了在刚脱锚时,Luna 下跌的概率比较大以外,其余时间点 Luna 做空的赢面都不稳。

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Luna 在这次归零前的死猫反弹中,反弹了 11 倍,爆了无数的空军。

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在这次大反弹中,
第一个做多亏光 A8 的兄弟,逃出了一个 A7,
而第二个做空爆光 A8 的兄弟,靠套利赚回了一个 A7。
不同的选择,同样的命运,生活真是戏剧性。
当然,太阳底下没有新鲜事,我在 2016 年的《给 Zcash 泼泼冷水——有了深黑,市场真的需要纯黑吗?》中,写了一段自己亲身经历:在 Zcash 刚开始挖矿,从零点几 BTC 涨到 3200BTC 的时候,先被爆了一个小仓位,然后靠着 Bitmex 期货的 10BTC 限价,赚了 100BTC 回来。

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虽然一开始被爆的仓位很小,但这是我错得最离谱的一次,Zcash 按理性预测,参考门罗币、达世币这两个已有的匿名币,合理估值应该在 0.01~0.03BTC 之间。我在 1.7 BTC 时做空,已经是超过合理价格 100 倍的泡沫,但万万没想到,市场还能在 100 倍泡沫之上,再涨 2000 倍。
虽然我最后赚了,但那是靠 Bitmex 期货限价规则赚的,从此以后,我再也不做空任何加密货币。所以建议大家:
不要做空任何加密货币,做多最多跌 100%,做空可能涨 10 万倍,觉得会跌回来吗?市场不理性的时间,总是会超过你撑着不破产的时间。
所以,正确的获利方法是:加杠杆做空 UST。UST 锚定 1 美元,几乎不可能 长时间&大幅 高于 1 美元,因此杠杆倍数越高越好,可以高至 10~20 倍。
2. 预测 UST 脱锚时间:
《Stablecoin 利率长期高达 20%,Anchor 也是庞氏吗?》这篇文章提出了一个观点,认为 UST 提供了一个年利息 20% 的理财协议 Anchor,而 Anchor 本身的经营收入达不到 20%,每日将亏损 418 万美元。亏损要消耗 Luna 基金会提供的补贴,现在还剩 3.6 亿美元,按照目前的烧钱速度,大概只能再支撑 3 个月。

市值

因此这篇文章认为:
按照目前 Anchor 储备金的消耗速度,我们大概率会在今年等来这个金融游戏的破局时刻
这个观点对吗?给你 1 分钟时间思考……
……
……(Don't trust, verify it 不要信任,验证它)
……(你验证了吗?省略号到底有几个?)
……
虽然结果对了,但是逻辑是错的。Anchor 高达 20% 的高息存款,确实加速了 UST 的死亡,但死亡的逻辑传导并不是利息不够。Do Kwon 能轻易地从系统中抽出 40 亿美元,买入 8 万个 BTC,在系统规模继续扩大的情况下,抽几亿美元出来付利息,在 3 年内毫无问题。
并且还有一点,Anchor 付的利息还是 UST,只要 UST 的信用不破,实际上甚至不需要用多少真美元付利息。这是央行套利学的一个常识:本国货币国债永远不会违约,如果还不上,直接印更多本国货币就行了。
所以,关键还是 UST 的信用什么时候破?或者说,市场什么时候开始普遍怀疑 UST 的兑付能力?
虽然如前所述,根据本次真实的砸盘数据,无法兑付的时间点是:UST 总市值超过 10% 的 Luna 后。但市场上绝大部分人数学不好,不懂虚市值,并不知道 2021 年 11 月 20 日,Do Kwon 增发 40 亿 UST,UST 市值占比达到 Luna 的 40% 后,UST 就无法兑付了。
聪明人要跟着 XX 走,XX 的共识才是共识。(注意是「才是」,不是「也是」)
所以,UST 信用破产的时间点是:UST 总市值接近、甚至超过 Luna 时。
在最近一两周,我已经多次看到有人指出风险:UST 总市值已经接近 Luna 了。再迟钝的人,也会意识到:这样 Luna 总市值好像不够 UST 兑付了?
死亡的逻辑传导并不是利息不够,而是高利息快速吸引大量 UST,提高了 UST 总市值占比,直到高到能警醒市场上绝大部分 XX 为止。
所以,真正的聪明人,是知道 XX 在哪错了的人吗?当然不是,真正的聪明人,是知道 XX 傻到什么程度,并能和 XX 同步的人:)

如何加杠杆做空 UST,例如伞形资金,在交易平台加杠杆借出 UST 卖出,如何在 Luna 归零过程中通过销毁 UST 套利 等等。
虽然昨晚我睡了 13 个小时,但现在已经很晚了,术都是一些琐碎的知识点,写起来没意思,套利也有很多人说了,并且本文已经写了 8000 字,加上图片上万字,再长阅读体验就不好了。
所以本文就到此为止吧。
今天的课后作业是:省略号到底有几个?

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Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of LUNA (LUNA) are presented below.

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