货币编年史:从Luna崩盘回顾稳定币发展之路

FastDailyPublished on 2022-05-15Last updated on 2022-05-15

Abstract

学者们倾向于落入过度美化长期成功故事。这发生在历史、足球、商业和生物学中。我们倾向于忘记达尔文关于小优势的作用、路径依赖性和时间的不可抗拒性的演讲。

学者们倾向于落入过度美化长期成功故事。这发生在历史、足球、商业和生物学中。我们倾向于忘记达尔文关于小优势的作用、路径依赖性和时间的不可抗拒性的演讲。我把这归咎于对我们的极限(空间和时间)的恐惧,归咎于在我们短暂的生命中真正有能力影响我们周围的现实的自我施加的幻觉。从社会角度来说,这是一个有用的幻觉。

这同样适用于货币历史的典范研究。货币的历史是漫长而混乱的,几乎和货币理论的历史一样长。

就其核心原理而言,货币是什么?正如亚里士多德所言:仅仅是精炼的金属,还是市场活动的延伸?还是像柏拉图和后来的熊彼特所评估的那样,是一种旨在引导劳动力创造未来价值的精神构造?现实情况是,虽然在某种程度上很容易评估货币在过去某个时期是什么,但可能无法猜测货币在未来某个时间点会是什么。在过去的50年里,货币运行得如此之好,以至于我们几乎忘记了它并不总是以我们所知道的形式存在,这使货币理论家们的自信心膨胀了。

然而,最近的宏观经济和政治事件,似乎已经结束了这种货币的罗马帝国。正如我在上周关于CBDCs的文章中所描述的那样,最近有很多人在试图重塑货币,或者至少是引导其发展。在最积极的中央银行家中,FED的监督副主席RandalQuarles是少数几个意识到长期的和平往往在于强大的联盟而不是优势的力量的人之一。

"根据我的判断,我们不需要害怕稳定币。美联储传统上一直支持负责任的私营部门创新。根据这一传统,我认为我们必须大力考虑稳定币的潜在好处,包括美元稳定币可能会支持美元在全球经济中的作用。例如,一个全球性的美元稳定币网络可以通过使跨境支付更快、更便宜来鼓励使用美元,而且它的部署有可能比CBDC快得多,缺点也少。担心稳定币代表着前所未有的私人货币的创造,从而挑战我们的货币主权是令人费解的,因为我们现有的系统涉及--事实上依赖于--私人公司每天都在创造货币。"

我并不打算开发一个框架来概括货币在社会中的作用,或者猜测货币在未来50到100年内会变成什么。这篇文章的唯一目的是把正在发生的事情放在货币的边缘,把所有的定性评估留给唯一有能力的法官:时间。

因此,只不过是一篇纪实文章。

究竟谁是英镑的主人?

我将以一种奇怪但准确的方式来描述当今货币的现实。

英镑,是英国的官方货币。虽然我住在英国,但我并不拥有任何英镑。正确。我没有,因为我很少需要它们,它们是由纸或金属制成的,我懒得去储存和携带。我的大部分支付都是以数字形式进行的,纸张和金属不是很有用,我需要一个电子替代品。

这就是为什么我选择了hsbcGBP,这是一个相当好的英镑的电子替代品,由汇丰英国银行发行。它是一个相当好的替代品,但它不是英镑。hsbcGBP有几个特性:

它是由汇丰英国银行有限公司(或简称汇丰)发行的私人和电子货币,用于交换费用。

它以1:1的比例与英镑硬挂钩

由于与其他私人发行商签订了正式协议,它可以在任何时候与英格兰银行监督的系统内的所有其他私人电子货币(这些货币的例子包括巴克莱银行的英镑、劳埃德银行的英镑、皇家银行的英镑)进行兑换(比率为1:1)。

由于与英格兰银行的正式协议,它可以在任何时候与纸质或金属形式的英镑进行兑换(比例为1:1)。

在hsbcGBP将打破其与英镑挂钩的极少数情况下,政府承诺将其换成英镑(以1:1的比例),最高相当于每人85,000英镑。

汇丰银行GBP如何维持其挂钩?

hsbcGBP对汇丰的生态系统至关重要,发行人通过超额抵押机制确保其挂钩。换句话说,为了发行一定数量的汇丰银行英镑,发行人要求抵押品的(风险调整后的)公允价值大大超过这一数额。接受大量不同类型的抵押品,每个抵押品都有特定的发行人偏好,每个抵押品都有自己的风险加权。客户签署一份合同,给予发行人对这些抵押品的某些权利,并获得新铸的汇丰银行英镑作为交换。一些客户,例如国家,拥有特权地位:由于政府为发行人的私人印钞活动提供了一系列优惠,他们明确规定,这些发行人可以接受无限量的自己的债务作为抵押品,而不影响他们可以铸造的私人货币的最大容量。

在hsbcGBP打破挂钩的情况下,会发生什么?hsbcGBP是与英镑硬挂钩的,这意味着它的价值不会波动,而是实际上一直粘在英镑上,直到它断裂(看到它的价值突然减少)。虽然不可能,但可能发生的情况是,汇丰银行作为抵押品持有的资产的公允价值将低于hsbcGBP发行的理论价值,导致汇率低于1:1的挂钩。为了避免这种情况,政府设置了紧急止损和征税监督框架。这种多样化、超额抵押和后备支持的组合,在确保hsbcGBP及其私人同行对系统的信任方面非常有效。它运作得如此之好,以至于许多人完全忽视了汇丰银行GBP的存在,把它和它最有名的兄弟姐妹--英镑混为一谈。

所有这一切可能看起来过于复杂,但这就是它的运作方式。

为什么英镑还不够?

hsbcGBP及其同行的诞生,是因为孤立的英镑不足以满足公众需求,原因有两个方面。

系统需要不断创造新的货币,而中央银行和政府并不被认为是向公众进行新货币生产性分配的合适机构--另一方面,私人机构在这样做的时候需要一些包装(不能仅仅分配中央银行的货币而没有追索权--就像CBDCs可能出现的情况)。

公众希望去物质化,因为纸和金属不是一种方便的价值储存,而且不能在成千上万的使用情况下使用。

hsbcGBP(我们称之为银行币),换句话说,是通过与GBP主权发行人的一系列优惠协议,在现有的GBP信任基础上,对GBP(我们称之为硬币)进行功能叠加。汇丰经济"与"英国经济"的完全融合,将确保新兴市场上其他与货币挂钩的主权经济体常见的货币违约不会发生。

为什么银行币是不够的?稳定币分类法

最近,公众开始要求获得银行币没有的额外功能,即:

1.降低执行某些中介活动的全部交易成本

2.在可比较的风险水平下,为他们的现金储蓄提供更高的收益率

3.与中央银行和政府为中心的系统相比,对货币有更高的(感知)控制

4.这同时保持了银行币和硬币的所有特征。

其结果是出现了一系列区块链支持的稳定币,即数字形式的货币与去中心化的操作系统(如Ethereum或Solana)原生兼容,去中心化的金融(DeFi)应用激增。

版本1:全储备稳定币

创建稳定币的最简单方法,即私人区块链支持的货币1:1与银行币(如hsbcGBP)挂钩(而银行币又1:1与英镑等硬币挂钩),是通过接收一定数量的银行币,储存该数量,并发行相同数量的稳定币作为交换的代币。我们把这种类型的稳定币称为全额准备金/法币支持的稳定币。这种类型的稳定币的例子包括USDTether(USDT--流通中的626亿美元),USDCoin(USDC--254亿美元),BinanceUSD(BUSD--107亿美元)。鉴于这些稳定币的发行者(在大多数情况下)没有可行的内部经济,这些稳定币的效用与这些稳定币在外部空间的可接受性和可交换性成正比。与银行币不同的是,银行币可以用来偿还本金、费用或银行环境中的其他费用,像USDT这样的稳定币的效用只有在它们在更广泛的DeFi生态系统中被广泛接受(以期望的挂钩)时才存在。

假设它们能发挥作用,并兑现承诺(这说起来容易做起来难,USDT背后的动荡就说明了这一点),这些稳定币旨在满足公众的需求(较低的全部交易成本,较高的收益率,较高的控制力),作为一个纯粹的区块链覆盖物,而不完全取代hsbcGBP等银行币。

优点:全面支持有助于稳定

缺点:对手方风险增加,监管负担仍然存在,除了区块链的兼容性之外,没有增加与银行币的高级功能。

第二版:过度抵押的加密稳定币

稳定币的另一个更高级的版本是超额抵押/加密货币支持的稳定币。这些稳定币与银行币有更多相似之处。这些稳定币中最常用的是DAI,我们已经在这里和这里广泛讨论过(并将继续讨论)。DAI由MakerDAO发行,与汇丰银行发行hsbcGBP的方式相同:有人提交一定数量的抵押品(以加密代币的形式),并收到一定数量的DAI作为交换。抵押品在智能合约中受到保护,直到DAI余额被完全偿还(或直到智能合约被清算)。DAI与美元软挂钩,这意味着它被允许在1:1的比例附近有一定程度的波动:这是由于挂钩是由一个激励系统管理的,该系统利用套利者而不是通过完全保留。

与银行币不同的是,DAI没有受益于多样化(代币之间大多高度相关),也没有受益于监管支持。作为交换,它以更高的超额抵押来补偿(目前ETH-A为150%,其主要抵押品风险)。正如我们多次指出的那样,Maker的核心是更接近于商业银行,而不是纯粹的技术叠加。

优点:架构允许像银行币一样的扩张性货币功能,激励机制仍然有利于DAI的稳定和MKR代币持有人的健康财务回报,到目前为止,它的效果相当好。

缺点:缺乏对抵押品类型的多样化,代币的高波动性限制了可扩展性,有利于顺周期性。

Synthetix为Maker的方法(sUSD)提供了一个替代方案,旨在解决供需脱节的问题,偏离了更传统的部分银行模式,而是选择了一种合成的、自我抵押的衍生品方法。我的直觉告诉我,合成方法在纸面上是优雅的,但在低执行成本下提供了一系列不正当的激励,目前有大约2亿美元的sUSD在流通。

版本3:算法稳定币

还有另一个更大胆的稳定币版本:算法稳定币。它们不是试图类似于银行币,而是从根本上模仿硬币,同时通过承诺的公开市场操作充当中央银行。算法稳定币是小型新兴经济体中央银行的智能合约版本。

算法稳定币有多种形式,但最终它们有一个类似的方法:智能合约最初以资产池为资本,并以一定的比例铸造一定数量的法币挂钩的稳定币,我们称之为algoUSD,作为交换。随着algoUSD在公开市场上的波动,智能合约将购买(在algoUSD低于挂钩的情况下--使用资产禀赋)或铸造更多的algoUSD(在algoUSD高于挂钩的情况下),就像中央银行使用硬通货储备来管理其本地货币的预期挂钩一样。这些算法的智能合约性质保证了公众的信任,即协议将致力于通过使用资产池来实现其本机安全的市场化,而不将其挪作他用--与中央银行不同。这种承诺与算法的质量和支持它的资产负债表一样强大,年轻的、抵押不足的、杠杆过高的算法稳定币不一定会有好的效果。这类稳定币的例子包括TerraMoney,Frax,Reserve,Ampleforth,EmptySetDollar,DynamicSetDollar,Debasonomics,和BasisCash,算法稳定币的表现好坏参半。

优点:架构允许像硬币那样的扩张性货币功能,解决了v2稳定币的一些顺周期性问题,无许可的性质加强了围绕挂钩的承诺

缺点:稳固性取决于资产负债表的强度,算法的健全性需要在不同的规模点上进行测试,迄今为止,过去的表现好坏参半。

致未来的一封信

我们已经描述了创建稳定币的几种不同方法。虽然他们都打算满足对充足、稳定、可用、增强版货币的需求,但他们采用了多种截然不同的方法。现在判断哪种方法将主导其他方法还为时过早,或者我们是否会生活在一个有单一主导方法的现实中。从根本上说,这并不重要。

更有趣的是,意识到金字塔较高层次的效用取决于基础层的稳定性:硬币和支持它的中央银行。如果美元本身不能正常工作,一个设计完美的与美元挂钩的稳定币是没用的。我相信,只要我们有一个政府来收税和分配开支(以及一支国家军队),我们就会有一个实体的中央银行在货币结构的中心。我们离加密算法征税还很远,这就是我的观点。这个中央银行的广度和权力将继续随着历史事件而波动。

罗马和平是随着内战的结束和罗马共和国的结束而开始的。罗马人曾认为和平是在他们的敌人被打败和摧毁后得到重组时发生的暂时的、无益的间隔。奥古斯都对这一观点提出了挑战,他说服了公民,认为权力的平衡共存对每个人来说都是有利的。特别是对罗马来说。这段相对和平的时期大约持续了四百年,直到一群东方人冲进帝国,洗劫了帝国的城市,使西欧陷入千年的黑暗之中。

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What is TERRA

Exploring the Terra Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, the Terra Ecosystem has emerged as an ambitious project designed to facilitate a decentralized financial system. This innovative platform focuses on creating stable and scalable algorithmic stablecoins, aimed at driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. In this article, we will delve into the foundational aspects of the Terra Ecosystem, exploring its operational mechanisms, its creators, investors, notable components, and the timeline of its development. What is the Terra Ecosystem? Founded in 2018, the Terra Ecosystem is a layer-one blockchain designed to provide an efficient and reliable payment platform. The core mission of Terra is to create a preferred form of money that is not only decentralized but also practical for everyday use. At the heart of the ecosystem is its native algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD (UST), which is pegged to the US dollar using an innovative algorithmic mechanism. This unique approach addresses a common concern in the cryptocurrency space: the volatility that often accompanies digital assets. The Terra Ecosystem aims to enhance the usability of cryptocurrencies by creating an environment where digital currencies function similarly to traditional currencies. By being user-friendly and stable, Terra sets out to attract users outside of the crypto community, ultimately fostering mass adoption. The Creators of the Terra Ecosystem The Terra Ecosystem emerged under the guidance of its co-founders Daniel Shin and Do Kwon. Both individuals, with a wealth of experience in entrepreneurship and technology, launched Terraform Labs to spearhead this groundbreaking project. Daniel Shin, a prominent figure in the South Korean tech landscape, has co-founded multiple tech companies, while Do Kwon has an extensive background in computer science and engineering. Their partnership is pivotal in steering the development and growth trajectory of the Terra Ecosystem. Investors in the Terra Ecosystem While detailed information about specific investors remains limited, it is widely acknowledged that Terraform Labs has garnered substantial financial support from a variety of angel investors and venture capital firms. This backing provides the necessary resources for the ongoing development and expansion of the Terra Ecosystem. The emphasis on acquiring diversified investment sources reflects the strong belief in the project's potential within the cryptocurrency community. How Does the Terra Ecosystem Work? At the core of the Terra Ecosystem's functionality lies its innovative proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. This allows holders of the LUNA token, the native currency of the ecosystem, to participate in the governance and operation of the network. The dual-token structure differentiates Terra from many other projects, with LUNA serving both as a stake for validators and as a governance token. The mechanism operates in a distinctive way, whereby the supply of LUNA backs the stablecoin UST. If the demand for UST increases, the algorithm automatically adjusts the supply of LUNA to maintain the stability of UST at its dollar peg. Users are enabled to exchange 1 UST for an equivalent value in LUNA, ensuring that fluctuations in demand do not affect the peg. This innovative approach enables the Terra Ecosystem to maintain price stability, one of its primary goals. Timeline of the Terra Ecosystem The development journey of the Terra Ecosystem has been marked by significant milestones: 2018: Establishment of Terraform Labs by Daniel Shin and Do Kwon, laying the groundwork for the Terra Ecosystem. April 2019: The initial release of the Terra blockchain, initiating its journey into the broader cryptocurrency landscape. 2021: Terra experiences remarkable growth as its total value locked (TVL) reaches new heights, positioning it as a dominant player in decentralized finance (DeFi). May 2022: A turbulent period arises as the Terra blockchain is temporarily halted following the collapse of UST and LUNA, leading to a significant impact on market perception and capitalization. January 2024: Terraform Labs files for bankruptcy, marking another critical event in the project's history, sparking discussions on the sustainability and future of the ecosystem. Key Components of the Terra Ecosystem A variety of features contribute to the unique functionality of the Terra Ecosystem: Core Functionality The Terra Ecosystem includes essential functionalities such as managing transaction fees, monitoring price fluctuations, and maintaining historical balances of transactions, all of which are crucial for ensuring user experience and operational integrity. Applications One of the flagship features of the Terra Ecosystem is its diverse array of applications. This includes: Anchor Protocol: A money market protocol that provides high stablecoin yields and tokenized stakes for users seeking to maximize returns on their investments. Mirroring Technology: Enabling users to create assets that mirror real-world assets and trades, allowing for broader use cases and applications. Chai: A payment platform designed to facilitate everyday transactions using Terra's stablecoin technology. Swaps and Exchanges The ecosystem provides functionality for seamless asset exchanges. Notable features include native swapping capabilities and platforms such as Terraswap, allowing users to exchange Terra assets efficiently while benefiting from competitive rates. Governance Governance plays a critical role in the decentralized nature of the Terra Ecosystem. Token holders use their LUNA tokens to propose changes or vote on proposals that affect the network, ensuring collective decision-making and community involvement in the ecosystem's evolution. Notable Projects in the Terra Ecosystem Beyond the core functionalities, the Terra Ecosystem is also home to notable projects that further augment its capabilities: Terraswap: This decentralized exchange (DEX) emerged to facilitate easy swapping of Terra assets, thus promoting a vibrant trading environment within the ecosystem. Astroport: Another DEX known for its high total value locked, Astroport enhances trading opportunities and liquidity provision for users. Loop Markets: This integrated exchange hub offers users a range of trading tools and services, significantly contributing to the user experience across the Terra platform. Conclusion The Terra Ecosystem stands as a significant player within the blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, aiming to create a stable and scalable financial platform designed for widespread cryptocurrency adoption. Although the ecosystem faced dramatic challenges, notably the collapse of its stablecoin UST and the LUNA token, it continues to adapt and evolve in the face of adversity. As the project navigates its future, it remains committed to its foundational vision of building practical products accessible to a broader audience, thereby reinforcing the potential of decentralized finance. The Terra Ecosystem, with its robust features and innovative approach, holds promise as it seeks to redefine the landscape of digital currency use, remaining a focal point for enthusiasts and investors alike in the ongoing evolution of blockchain technology.

989 Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

What is TERRA

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