美联储加息50个基点,比特币与美股齐涨

蜂巢TechPublished on 2022-05-05Last updated on 2022-05-05

Abstract

美联储声明显示,一季度美国的整体经济活动有所下降,但家庭支出和企业固定投资依然强劲。

北京时间今日凌晨,美国联邦储备委员会发布5月决议,联邦基金利率目标区间上调了50个基点,达0.75%至1%。这是美联储22年以来最大幅度的加息。
美联储决议发布后,美股短时上涨,道指涨幅为2.81%,纳指涨幅为3.19%,标普500指数涨幅为2.99%。除了美股三大指数集体收涨外,美股市场的科技股、银行股均上涨,而加密资产领域的龙头资产比特币在24小时内的涨幅达5%,短时突破4万美元,比特币与美股在政策落地时保持了相关性。
美联储5月决议的实际加息未超预期,特别在其主席罗杰姆·鲍威尔排除了加息75个基点的可能性后。在分析师们看来,金融资产市场已经消化了美联储加息带来的恐慌情绪,不那么激进的紧缩政策将有利于风险资产市场的反弹。
加息未超预期 美联储下月正式缩表
正如CME「美联储观察」预测的那样,美联储5月决议将联邦基金的利率上调了50个基点,达到0.75%至1%的水平。
联邦基金利率即银行间的隔夜贷款利率。2020年3月,受新冠疫情影响,美联储将联邦基金利率下调至零,以刺激市场,缓冲疫情对经济的打击。联邦基金利率为零的情况维持了2年。直到今年3月,美联储开始本轮加息,首次加息25个基点。而此次5月加息50个基点,这也是美联储自2000年以来首次在一次会议中将利率提高0.5%。
此前,市场曾有担忧会「加息75个基点」。如今,这种担忧被美联储主席罗杰姆·鲍威尔打消。他在决议后的新闻发布会上表示,委员会目前并未考虑加息75个基点,应该在接下来的几次会议上讨论50个基点。

市场

鲍威尔排除了加息75个基点的可能性
加息是美联储抑制和降低通胀的手段,降通胀是美国当前的主要目标。美联储声明显示,一季度美国的整体经济活动有所下降,但家庭支出和企业固定投资依然强劲。最近几个月,美国就业呈现强劲增长,失业率大幅下降。但通货膨胀率依然高企,反映出与新冠疫情、能源价格上涨以及更广泛的物价压力有关的供需失衡。此外,俄乌冲突等事件正带来额外的通胀上行压力。
「通货膨胀太高了,我们理解它造成的困难,」鲍威尔也在发布会上表示,「我们正在迅速采取行动将其恢复原状。」
按照美联储声明,将高度重视通胀风险,寻求实现充分就业和2%较长期通胀率的目标,通过适当收紧货币政策立场,预计通胀率将回落至2%,同时劳动力市场将保持强劲。
除了5月加息幅度的落地外,美联储还发布了《缩减美联储资产负债表规模的计划》。该计划称,从6月1日起,美联储将以每月475亿美元的步伐「缩表」,此幅度将维持三个月,并在「缩表」开始的三个月后逐步提高上限至每月950亿美元,即每月缩减600亿美元美国国债、350亿美元机构债券和机构抵押贷款支持证券的资产。
激进加息被排除  比特币与美股均上涨
在美联储上调利率0.5%后,比特币24小时涨幅达5%,截至发稿前维持在39700美元附近。
根据Coingecko数据显示,比特币在美联储会议结束前就开始攀升,特别是鲍威尔排除了加息75个基点的可能性后,在他讲话时,比特币突破了4万美元,整个加密资产市场也随之上涨,整体市值增加了5.4%,达1.89万亿美元。

市场

比特币在美联储5月加息落地后突然上涨
加密情绪分析平台 Trade The Chain 的研究主管尼克·曼奇尼认为,市场已经消化了 2022 年继续加息0.25% 至 0.50% 的预期,这为市场提供了确定性,进而催生了看涨的价格走势,「任何不包括加息 0.75% 的 美联储FOMC(联邦公开市场委员会)指导都将利好加密资产和股票。」 
的确,本轮比特币的反弹恰逢更广泛的股市反弹。美联储决议发布后,道指涨幅为2.81%,纳指涨幅为3.19%,标普500指数涨幅为2.99%。美股大型科技股也集体上涨,苹果涨4.1%,亚马逊涨1.35%,谷歌涨4.2%;美股银行股齐飞,摩根大通涨3.29%,高盛涨2.9%,摩根士丹利涨4.13%。
比特币与美股的相关性在政策面影响下表现出相关性。事实上,2022年第一季度,标普500与比特币的相关性系数一度高达0.96。欧科云链研究院的第一季度研报显示,自2020年初以来,比特币与标准普尔500指数的波动一直呈现正相关,两者的相关系数也越来越高,尤其是进入2021年牛市以来,这种相关性更加明显。
欧科云链研究院高级研究员蒋照生此前对蜂巢Tech表示,「这种强相关性透露出两个关键信息:首先,比特币已不是一种避险资产,而是风险资产;其次,比特币等加密资产与股票市场的相关性使得传统金融市场的风险与加密货币市场的风险相互影响进一步加大。」
Eaglebrook Advisors 的研究主管乔伊·奥尔西尼在接受CNBC采访时表示,由于通胀率处于 40 年高位,市场预计在同一时间内将出现最激进的紧缩计划,「如果美联储变得不像人们担心的那样鹰派,这些预期会导致『不是那么糟糕』的反弹,」他特别提到了鲍威尔「排除了加息75个基点可能性」的这一表态,「这拉开了我们今天看到的涨势序幕。」
奥尔西尼认为,如果有迹象表明通胀正在见顶,美联储将继续表现耐心,「不那么激进的紧缩政策将利好比特币、以太坊和数字资产,它们继续比传统股票更强劲地反弹。」
当前,比特币恐惧与贪婪指数跌至「极度恐惧」区域,表明加密交易者的风险偏好较低。该指数在过去几个月从去年11月「极度贪婪」情绪中转变为「恐惧」区域。美联储加息预期被市场消化后,交易者的情绪正在发生变化。

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