ETF临门一脚:几十次与SEC的会议换来获批前最后两个条件

Odaily星球日报Published on 2023-12-24Last updated on 2023-12-24

Abstract

“确认AP协议”加上“现金创建”可能等于“获得批准”。

原创 | Odaily星球日报

作者 | jk

美国当地时间 12 月 21 日,Fox Business 记者报道称 SEC 在与 ETF 申请方的会议时对于现货比特币的 ETF 批准提出了新的条件,即需要 ETF 使用现金创建并移除删除所有实物赎回的暗示。此后,包括贝莱德在内的数个申请方纷纷提交了修改后的 S-1 文件。

12 月 23 日,彭博 ETF 分析师 Eric Balchunas 在 X 平台发文表示,ETF Cointucky Derby 的最新快照新增了“AP 协议”一栏,因为 SEC 希望申请方能够将 AP(授权参与人,即承销商)信息在下一次 S-1 文件更新(未来 10 天)中确认。他认为,这一步并不容易且可能会过于耗时,可能会让一些发行方无法在一月初同时获批。但“确认 AP 协议”加上“现金创建”可能等于“获得批准”。

同时,Fox Business 和彭博分析师分别确认,SEC 已要求现货 ETF 发行商在下周末(美国时间 12 月 31 日)之前提交修改后的文件,不少人猜测这可能是为了 1 月 10 日左右的批准做准备。

此前,据消息人士总结,截止 20 日,SEC 与各 ETF 申请方的会议已经达到 24 次,且在本周六之前又分别与贝莱德、Valkyrie 和灰度等举行了新的会议。这也代表着,这两个新的条件是经过多次会议商讨的。在 1 月 10 日这个预计批准时间点的最后两个条件,可以说是临门一脚。

那么这两个条件分别是什么意思呢?是否难以达成呢?ETF 是否能如预期的那样在 1 月 10 日获得批准?我们一起来看一下条件的细则。

现金创建 vs 实物创建(Cash Creation vs. In-kind Creation)

ETF 的创建是代表发行方向投资方销售新 ETF 份额的过程,主要分为现金创建和实物创建两种方式。在现金创建中,大型机构投资者或授权参与者(Authorized Participants)向 ETF 提供现金,ETF 管理公司使用这些资金购买组成 ETF 所追踪指数的资产(即为比特币),并发行相应价值的 ETF 份额给投资者。这种方法简单灵活且易于理解,适用于在 ETF 的资产难以直接获取时。然而,比特币似乎不难获取。

相比之下,实物创建涉及投资者直接提供组成 ETF 所追踪指数的股票或其他资产,而非现金。这些资产直接被交换为等值的 ETF 份额,从而减少交易成本。在比特币 ETF 中,实物创建代表着投资方使用比特币直接购买现货比特币 ETF 的份额。两种创建方式都旨在根据市场需求灵活调整 ETF 份额数量,确保其价格与追踪指数或资产组合的实际价值保持一致。

看到这里读者一定会有一个疑惑,如果我已经拥有了比特币,为什么需要用比特币购买以比特币为投资资产的 ETF 呢?这不是一件事情吗?这里有两个原因。

第一个原因与比特币并无太大关系:ETF 发行方通常愿意提供实物创建的选项是因为可以免税。例如,在购买由 A、B、C 三家股票组成的 ETF 时,如果我是其中 A 股票的持有人,那么用 A 股票直接交换 ETF 份额,对我而言相当于同时拥有了三家公司的股票,分散化投资且降低了风险,且由于并没有卖出证券,在美国税法中不需要交税。如果我选择现金创建,那么我需要先将 A 股票卖出,而这会涉及到资本利得税。从而 ETF 发行方在购买选择中一般会提供现金与实物两种选项,但此处 SEC 只愿意比特币 ETF 发行方使用现金为唯一一种创建方式。

第二个原因则和比特币关系很大:对于追求稳妥的高资金量投资机构而言,直接投资数字货币听起来并不像是一种稳妥的选择,尤其是在去年数个暴雷事件发生之后。从可信度的角度而言,“我们投资了一种很安全的数字货币”显然比“我们投资了由贝莱德提供的一种金融投资 ETF”更好说服资产管理的 LP。这就是为什么 ETF 会比比特币本身更吸引机构投资者的原因。

由于过程是对于 ETF 股份的购买,有些新闻报道也称现金申购。相对应的,现金赎回(Cash Redemption)和实物赎回(In-kind Redemption)则代表了拥有 ETF 份额的投资人在卖出这些份额时所接受的支付方式。

Odaily 此前报道,在灰度与 SEC 的再次会面中,讨论关于 GBTC 的事宜时,灰度依然坚持争取以实物方式(申购和赎回)。彭博分析师 James Seyffart 也说,“我几乎完全站在灰度、贝莱德以及其他曾经或正在推动实物方式机制发行方一边。这是运行 ETF 的一种更简单、更高效的方式。”

授权参与者(Authorized Participants)

ETF 的授权参与者是指那些被特定 ETF 授权以直接与 ETF 进行交易的大型机构投资者,如投资银行或经纪公司。例如,摩根士丹利和高盛等机构作为 AP,可以直接与 ETF 管理公司进行现金创建,即提供现金以换取新发行的 ETF 份额。

根据分析师的说法,SEC 希望在未来 10 天之内让发行方确认 AP 名单并在更新的文件中列出。这一时长对于某些发行方来说有可能无法完成,因而他们可能无法赶上 1 月初潜在的获批。

但是,彭博 ETF 分析师 Eric Balchunas 也提到,AP 协议+现金创建=批准。也就是说,这两步应当是批准前最后的步骤了。Odaily 将为您持续跟踪报道 31 日之前提交的更新文件。

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