阿根廷,下一个「比特币之国」?

foresightnewsPublished on 2023-11-20Last updated on 2023-11-20

Abstract

4600 万人的阿根廷,成为比特币成长的新沃土。

4600 万人的阿根廷,成为比特币成长的新沃土。


撰文:周舟,Foresight News


头图:Getty images

 

Javier Milei ,会像萨尔瓦多的总统一样,把阿根廷打造成下一个「比特币之国」吗?

 

2023 年 11 月 20 日,知名的比特币支持者——哈维尔·米雷(Javier Milei )成功当选阿根廷总统。Milei 在多个公开场合宣传比特币与加密货币的好处,并因此获得许多深受本国货币大幅度贬值的阿根廷民众拥戴。

 

「比特币,是一种对央行骗局的回应,它让钱返还给最初的创造者——私人和私有企业。」Milei 说。「我们可以提出关掉中央银行。」 

 

Javier Milei (图左二)

 

Milei 认为:加密货币是一种比黄金和白银交易更安全的替代品,他赞成关掉央行,与其让阿根廷比索被滥发,不如让民众选择更加稳定的货币。

 

即使在当今越来越多的国家元首发表对加密货币的支持(包括日本首相岸田文雄、英国首相里希·苏纳克、韩国总统尹锡悦、美国前总统特朗普等),Milei 仍是其中最激进的总统之一。

 

当一个国家的经济面临崩溃之时,比特币便会趁机在民间普及,乌克兰、土耳其、阿根廷莫不如是。而 Milei 也是在这样的情形下成功当选阿根廷总统。

 

阿根廷,下一个「比特币之国」

 

萨尔瓦多以「比特币之国」而闻名,其总统 Bukele 大力支持比特币,不仅将比特币当作国家的法定货币,而且这个美洲最小的国家每天都会购买一枚比特币。

 

然而实际上,相比「比特币之国」萨尔瓦多,阿根廷民众在比特币采用率上却更高一筹。

 

Ark Invest 研究助理 David Puell 在 2023 年 8 月发给投资者的一份报告显示,阿根廷的比特币采用率超过了萨尔瓦多。旅游地是一个例外,萨尔瓦多的比特币海滩(Bitcoin Beach)吸引了许多慕名而来的加密货币从业者,在这里,人们广泛的使用比特币等加密货币进行支付。

 

根据 Americas Market Intelligence 数据,阿根廷的加密货币采用率在以较快的速度增长,2021 年底只有 12% 的阿根廷智能手机用户购买了加密货币,而到了 2022 年 4 月这个数字已经增长到了 51%,此外更有高达 27% 的阿根廷消费者声称正在定期购买加密货币。

 

而这还仅仅是 2022 年的数据,2023 年阿根廷国内民众对于加密货币的接纳度或许更高。

 

2023 年 10 月份阿根廷的通货膨胀率飙升至 121%,而这样的通货膨胀已经持续了多年。根据阿根廷中央银行的数据,阿根廷的年通胀率为 113.4 %,这意味着阿根廷人买同样一件商品,比一年前贵了一倍还多。而与之相对比的是,中国近十年通胀率平均在 2.2 % 左右;而美国在 2022 年为了刺激经济大放水导致通胀最严重的时候,也不过 9% 左右。以此可见,阿根廷本国货币和经济已经处于崩溃边缘,国内民众的财产迅速缩水贬值。

 

许多阿根廷人为了保护自己的财产不再贬值,于是选择了美元稳定币(可以维持相对稳定价格的加密货币,通常与美元挂钩)、比特币和以太坊。而由于在阿根廷「去比索买美元」是非法的,这更加增长了阿根廷人买比特币或美元稳定币的热情。

 

阿根廷国内的特殊情况,也为加密货币的发展提供了肥沃土壤。

 

比如 Sam Altman 创立的加密货币公司 Worldcoin,就曾一度成为阿根廷 App Store 下载量排名第一的应用。Worldcoin 曾在阿根廷单日 9500 名用户完成 World ID 验证的新记录,这意味着阿根廷每 9 秒钟就有一个人成功通过验证。

 

此外,各个全球加密货币交易所也对阿根廷市场「蠢蠢欲动」。2023 年 8 月,币安获准成为萨尔瓦多「第一家获得完全许可的」加密货币交易所。Bybit、Gate、Kucoin 等交易所也都纷纷在此布局。

 

全球政治转向,掀起「新比特币浪潮」

 

反直觉的是,比特币作为一种对抗国家货币超发的手段和工具,反而让越来越多的国家元首支持比特币。

 

近两年来,越来越多的一国之总统、首相或总统候选人公开支持比特币和加密货币,其中便包括:特朗普、小罗伯特·肯尼迪、罗恩·德桑蒂斯等 5 位参加 2024 年美国总统大选的候选人,以及李在明(韩国总统候选人)、哈维尔·米雷(阿根廷总统)、Asiwaju Bola Tinubu(尼日利亚总统候选人)等。此外,纳伊布·布克莱(萨尔瓦多总统)、岸田文雄(日本首相)、里希·苏纳克(英国首相)、尹锡悦(韩国总统)等已上台的国家领导人对加密货币表达了支持或亲睐有加的态度。

 

经济是政治的基础,政治是经济的集中表现,人们用自身的经济利益得失去投票国家的货币选择与未来。本质上,国家是否采用比特币仍取决于比特币可以给国家带来的利益是否超过其所需承担的风险。而随着时间的推移,一些国家发现根据本国实情,采用比特币,反而利大于弊。

 

萨尔瓦多选择比特币,是因为其本身作为美洲最小的国家,并不适合发展制造业等集中性的产业,而更适合于作为金融自由港或者旅游城市。而在萨尔瓦多将比特币作为法定货币,并将这种自由港的名片第一个推向世界,自然会获得加密世界的关注与支持,并对当地经济有更好的推动作用。这也是香港、新加坡、迪拜等金融中心城市和旅游城市不会放弃比特币与加密货币的原因。

 

而对于土耳其、阿根廷等经济面临崩溃,中央银行无力挽救本国经济的国家,或者对于乌克兰等战乱国家而言,民众的资产因为货币贬值已经一再缩水,资产减半又减半,在美元被禁止的情况下,民众自然会选择只要有一台电脑或手机就能转账的电子货币——比特币,或者比比特币更加稳定币的美元稳定币。

 

对于既没有发生战乱、又没有发生经济崩溃,本国经济产业又很复杂的国家而言,比特币以及其衍生而出的加密货币、Web3 则成为了一种发展经济的产业。英国和日本便是如此。在互联网时代,只有美国和中国抓住了这一千载难逢的产业机会,将经济推向更上一层楼,而日本与英国等国家却错失了这样的产业机会。而比特币衍生出的加密货币与 Web3,已经被许多人意识到或许将对未来的金融与互联网行业产生重大变革,这也是他们允许比特币交易、允许在本国设立合规加密货币交易所、积极发展 Web3 产业的原因。

 

比特币所带来的产业机会正在扩大,也让更多的人的利益与其绑定,这也是全球政治在比特币问题上发生转向的原因。

 

以美国为例,2024 年美国将选出新一任总统,而新总统有望是比特币及加密货币产业的支持者。

 

据 Foresight News 统计,参加 2024 年美国总统大选的 12 位候选人中,有高达 5 名总统候选人公开表达支持比特币和加密货币,分别是:唐纳德·特朗普、罗恩·德桑蒂斯(Ron DeSantis)、弗朗西斯·苏亚雷斯(Francis Suarez)、维韦克·拉马斯瓦米(Vivek Ramaswamy)和小罗伯特·肯尼迪,前四位是共和党,后一位是民主党。他们中任一一位当选,都有望改变拜登政府主导下的美国当前并不友善的比特币与加密货币环境。

 

美国前总统约翰·肯尼迪的侄子——罗伯特·肯尼迪是美国 2024 年总统大选候选人,他强调,比特币是抗通胀的货币,这给了散户投资者的自由,而不是持有受系统支配的法定货币。他希望免除比特币的资本利得税,并和大众承诺逐渐用比特币来作为美元的储备。他解释这是一个是循序渐进的过程,计划将从极小规模开始,也许只有 1% 的国债将以硬货币、黄金、银、铂或比特币支持。

 

对于比特币,全球的政治立场已经转向,这将对加密货币产业产生深远的影响。

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