质押中心化担忧:未雨绸缪还是杞人忧天

MarsBitPublished on 2023-09-26Last updated on 2023-09-28

Abstract

关于以太坊质押以及不同质押水平(占 ETH 总供应量的百分比)对整个网络未来的潜在影响已经有很多讨论。

前言
关于以太坊质押以及不同质押水平(占 ETH 总供应量的百分比)对整个网络未来的潜在影响已经有很多讨论。
目前,验证者正在质押当前 ETH 供应量的约 22%(2700 万 ETH),想要加入的排队时间约为 10 天(从 2023 年 6 月约 45 天的峰值来看)。 尽管下图时间戳的队列长度数据回溯得不够远,无法直观地看出这一点,但应该注意的是,在上海升级(启用了质押提款)之前的几天里,退出队列短暂地大于进入队列 (17 天vs 8 天)(2023 年 4 月)。

以太坊质押


想要质押 ETH 的用户有多种选择,可归结为 2 个主要类别:他们可以自己单独质押 ETH(以预留 32ETH 为代价),或者依靠流动性质押提供商,这些平台允许以较少的资金进行质押,通常没有最低 ETH 限额。
在所有质押提供商中,Lido 迄今为止拥有最大的市场份额(约 32%),其次是 Coinbase,约占 8%。

以太坊质押


中心化风险及其对安全的意义
尽管队列已经满了(虽然目前在迅速下降),但质押的 ETH 数量一直在持续上升,而且 Lido 并没有表现出放缓其对其他提供商的主导地位的迹象。 一些行业人士指出,Lido 即将控制 1/3 的质押 ETH,这在中心化风险方面敲响了警钟。
首先,对于去中心化的区块链来说,在一个提供平台领导下拥有如此大量的验证者并不是一个好兆头,因为理想情况下,区块生产应该以去中心化的方式进行。 除此之外,如果 Lido 被治理攻击,并且恶意行为者控制了 Lido 验证器节点,那么质押 ETH 的必要数量占质押供应总量的百分比将超过 33%,以防止链finalising (最终确定延迟)。 通过恶意或缺乏证明,攻击者可能会对整个网络造成严重问题,例如双重finalising,在被选为区块生产者后,攻击者可能会生成两个或多个相互冲突的提案,用超过33%的控制权投票两次,并导致该链分叉成两个独立的区块链,其影响将是严重的。
Lido 受到攻击的风险较低(运营商节点分布在约 30 家公司之间),但不应掉以轻心。 以太坊社区进行了很多讨论,认为应该采取一些措施来避免任何治理/其他攻击的可能性,但 Lido 尚未制定任何官方计划,社区人员甚至提出了一些反对意见,他们似乎不认为这是真正的威胁。 Lido DeFi拓展负责人seraphim曾发表以下言论:

以太坊质押


以太坊去中心化的另一个风险是 Lido 的“卡特尔化”(cartel),这个术语在讨论论坛上被广泛使用,用来形容可能进一步巩固其垄断地位的活动。 通过达到关键的共识阈值(如上面提到的 33%),Lido 节点运营商理论上可以参与区块定时操纵和协调 MEV 提取,这将导致巨额奖励(相对于其他提供商),因此在分配奖励方面形成了垄断式的主导地位。 这意味着将lido具有明显的竞争优势,并且用户几乎没有动力在其他地方进行质押。
Lido在市场份额中的主导地位部分来自于其先发优势(深度流动性和长期经过验证的稳定性)以及与其他流动质押提供商相比具有吸引力的年利率。 人们合理地预期,随着该细分市场的成熟和更多竞争对手的规模扩大,将会出现竞相抢占市场份额的竞争。 到目前为止,几乎没有数据支持这一假设,因为新的验证者仍在大量涌入Lido。
应对流动性质押的未来场景
下一个要讨论的领域是验证器数量的总体增长以及这可能对网络的性能和底层特征产生的影响。 大约两周前,以太坊核心开发人员 Dankrad Feist 发布了一篇博文,其中概述了他对流动质押未来的担忧。
尽管如前所述,验证者队列正在迅速下降,预计在未来几周/几个月内将达到 0,但质押需求再次上升且队列在可预见的未来可能保持满的可能性非零。 Dankrard 表示,如果队列仍然满,这将意味着“到 2024 年 5 月,所有 ETH 的 50% 将被质押,到 2024 年 12 月,将质押 100%”。
从技术角度来看,验证者数量的增加导致点对点网络的压力越来越大,因为节点之间的处理速度随着活跃验证者的数量成比例地增加。 如果我们达到了有 200 万个活跃验证者的程度,节点运营商可能会发现自己需要升级硬件。 一般来说,如果以太坊想成为一个高度可扩展的网络,升级硬件这个方向是错误的。
如果质押队列仍然满,并且我们达到更高水平的质押 ETH,可能会出现一个进一步的问题,即 Dankrad 所说的“未经测试的经济制度”(untested economic regime)——质押的 ETH 市值变得大于未质押的 ETH 市值。
同样,这种情况发生的可能性非常小,但非零,因此应该探索避免这种情况的解决方案。 重要的是要记住,质押的 ETH 百分比与验证者收到的年利率百分比之间存在反向衰减关系。
预计随着验证者数量的增长,验证者将开始退出,因为为低于 2% 的收益率而占用资本的机会成本是不值得的。 这样做的一个风险是进入和退出流动性质押提供商很容易——只有单独的质押者才能真正占用大量资金。 尤其是规模经济有利于像 Lido 这样的提供商,随着产量下降,相关的硬件成本可能不会成为停止质押的阻碍。

以太坊质押


美国基准联邦基金利率处于数年高位,在 ETH 质押中占用资金的机会成本增加了。 鉴于人们目前仍可以选择购买收益率约 4.0-5.5% 的美国国库券,我们似乎正在达到某种形式的与质押需求相关的平衡(队列迅速下降就证明了这一点)。 典型的 ETH 质押者和典型的国库券投资者的风险状况存在差异,但如果美债收益率下降(如点图所示,这可能是明年的某个时候),质押需求肯定会回升。
解决方案(短期)
长期解决方案尚不清楚——就像在引入质押时尚未完全理解流动性质押动态一样,任何将包含在硬分叉中的解决方案都必须考虑它在未来可能会改变哪些动态。
然而,短期解决方案正在制定中。
Dapplion 提出了 EIP-7514,它将验证器流失限制从无限增加的数量修改为硬性上限(16、12、8、6 或 4)。 简而言之,这减少了每个 epoch 可以加入的新验证者的数量(6.4 分钟),从而大大增加了达到里程碑所需的时间,例如质押 ETH 的 50%、75% 或 100%。 这是假设这样一种情况:激活队列保持满状态,并且质押需求不受上述“自平衡”衰减关系的影响。
如上所示,将流失限制修改为硬性上限会显著减缓活跃验证者的增长。 如果情况保持不变,随着活跃验证者集的增加,预计的流失限制将继续上升,这将加快我们达到更高抵押 ETH 水平的速度(占总数的百分比)。
该方案并未解决我们讨论过的任何根本问题,但为以太坊开发者社区提供了足够的时间来提出真正解决质押动态问题的解决方案。 Dankrad 和其他以太坊社区成员提出了一些潜在的长期解决方案,例如:

  • MEV销毁
  • 增加验证者最大有效余额
  • 降低质押奖励的吸引力(通过减少发行奖励)
  • 降低流动性质押提供商的进入门槛(以激励去中心化)

以上方案会从根本上改变整个网络的一个或多个动态,并可能引发巨大的二阶效应,因此需要仔细规划和考虑。
总体而言,队列似乎不太可能永远满员,并且我们将达到比其他 PoS 区块链更高的水平,即质押占总供应量百分比的约 40-45%,如果达到这个水平,理论上不会有任何的潜在负面影响,除了可扩展性方面(消息的增加和网络适应这种情况的能力)。 未来我们还需要更详细地探讨拟议的长期解决方案,以及即将对以太坊进行的升级,这些升级将从根本上影响网络的运行方式。

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