解读巴塞尔艺术市场报告:NFT艺术来势汹汹,是泡沫还是新宠?

21世纪经济报道Published on 2022-04-09Last updated on 2022-04-09

Abstract

有很多投机者是根据“这件作品是否能以更高价格转售”为标准来购买NFT艺术品的。

个人社交头像NFT,它们可以展现拥有者的品味和审美偏好,让购买了这件作品的人在网上也显得与众不同。因此,NFT艺术品逐渐为人们所接受和需要。
全球艺术市场销售额在2020年录得了十年来的最大跌幅之后,在2021年终于迎来了强劲的复苏。日前最新发布的《巴塞尔艺术展与瑞银集团环球艺术市场报告》(以下简称“报告”)显示,2021年全球艺术市场创下了价值651亿美元的总销售额,比2020年增长了29%。
爱尔兰经济学家Clare McAndrew博士及其Arts Economics团队在过去的一年中,对数百家国际画廊、艺术经销商、拍卖行和2000多名来自全球的高净值艺术收藏家进行了调查,按照全球各地区的市场表现、艺术拍卖、艺术博览会、画廊销售等不同方面进行分析整理并形成了该份报告。
中国再度成为全球第二大艺术市场
报告显示,美国的艺术市场继续保持领先地位,在全球艺术市场销售的占比略为上升至43%。而得益于人民币走强、强劲的拍卖表现、画廊行业的持续增长,以及中国艺术基础设施不断发展壮大,2021年中国艺术市场销售占全球总销售额的20%,再度上升为全球第二大艺术市场。而英国则下跌至第三位,占全球销售额的17%。
在2021年,受惠于市场上高质量作品的供应以及大量新买家的涌入,艺术品、装饰品和古董的公开拍卖销售额估计达263亿美元,较2020年上升47%。私人拍卖持续蓬勃发展,估计增长32%至接近41亿美元,超越2020年报告中的31亿美元。美国、中国及英国在公开拍卖的销售额方面维持领先,三者共占全球市场的78%。其中,中国是最大的公开拍卖市场,占全球市场的33%——尽管同比下降了3%,但仍略高于占比32%的美国。
自2020年录得20%跌幅之后,艺术经销商在2021年的总销售额同比增长了18%,达到347亿美元,但仍低于2019年的水平。随着艺术博览会在2021年陆续恢复举办,即使在展会数量减少且参加人数有限的情况下,艺术展会(包括网上展厅)的销售额仍增长至29%。但受限于艺术活动暂未全面恢复及对参展成本的考虑,艺术经销商在2021年参与的艺术展会数量仍然少于疫情前。
网上艺术交易市场持续发展,2021年小幅增长7%,销售额估计达133亿美元。尽管2021年网上销售额占市场总销售额的20%,占比上同比2020年下降5%,但仍然是2019年水平(9%)的两倍有余。网上销售的占比下降主要是由于部分实体展会恢复销售活动,经销商的线上线下销售额比重再度趋于平衡。顶级拍卖行在去年持续引入新的模式,为提升直播拍卖平台和仅在网上进行的拍卖平台的质量和效能进行了大力投资——直播拍卖平台在年内达成了多宗重大的交易,使得拍卖交易得以在全年内较为持续地进行,而非按照传统的春拍、秋拍的季节性销售周期。
NFT艺术进行时
NFT艺术作品在2021年迎来了爆发式的发展,因此今年的报告中还首次深入地探讨了NFT的议题。NFT艺术品和NFT收藏品(包括体育、音乐、游戏等的NFT作品)的总销售额从2019年时的460万美元,暴涨至2021年的111亿美元。2021年,在接受调查的高净值藏家中,有74%的受访者曾购买以艺术品为基础的NFT,消费中位数为人均9000美元。
NFT艺术品销售在2021年进入传统艺术品市场的拍卖领域,不过迄今为止产生的价值依然有限。佳士得去年NFT销售额总计1.5亿美元,苏富比的NFT销售额在2021年为8000万美元。但NFT作品的上拍成功地为拍卖行吸引到不少年轻的买家和新的买家。
就NFT的崛起以及NFT艺术品在一级、二级市场上的变化,21世纪经济报道记者对报告主笔人Clare McAndrew博士进行了一场独家专访。请她分析NFT艺术在2021年突然爆红的原因和她对NFT艺术市场的观察,并探讨2022年全球艺术市场的走势。
《21世纪》:报告提到,早在2018年,人们对NFT艺术品交易的兴趣和探索已初见端倪,但直到2021年3月Beeple的作品拍出天价后,NFT艺术品才引起公众广泛关注和热议。为什么2021年最终成为NFT艺术品全面崛起的一年?
Clare McAndrew:我认为是多重因素导致的。一方面,NFT艺术品的“走红”跟技术以及市场自身的发展有关,它遵循循序渐进的原则,而最近几年已经发展成熟。2014年,当NFT刚刚出现时,它们只是一种简单的虚拟藏品,是特定“小圈子”里的产物。2017年,随着技术越发成熟,出现了更多的NFT销售平台和玩法,例如:最早的区块链养猫游戏CryptoKitties和像素头像CryptoPunks。2018年,随着NFT交易越来越频繁,形式更加丰富多样,自然吸引了更多人参与其中。2021年,Beeple的《Everydays: The First 5000 Days》在佳士得以近7000万美元的价格成交后,NFT艺术品走进了普罗大众的视野。大量的艺术家创作了大量的作品,更多的平台提供交易NFT艺术品的条件。市场追在艺术家和作品后面奔跑,所以总是姗姗来迟。因此,NFT艺术品的供需在2021年才有了大幅提升。
除此之外,由于疫情因素,人们把更多的注意力分配在网上。通常来说,当人们拥有一件实物艺术品,会展示给身边的朋友、家人和同事看,或者放在家里请客人来看。但疫情使得这一切都变得不可能。所以,对于已经把生活、社交和工作都转移到线上的人们来说,线上的艺术收藏品就显得尤为重要了。特别是个人社交头像NFT,它们可以展现拥有者的品味和审美偏好,让购买了这件作品的人在网上也显得与众不同。因此,NFT艺术品逐渐为人们所接受和需要。
《21世纪》:数据显示,在2020年,NFT艺术品的总销售额大部分(75%)来自直接销售;而在2021年,NFT艺术品的总销售额大部分(73%)是来自二手转售。为何会发生这种变化?
Clare McAndrew:2020年,艺术家们还处于埋头创作作品的阶段。到了2021年,我们的统计数据显示,NFT艺术品从首次购买到被二手转售出去,中间的时间间隔平均仅为33天。换言之,一件NFT艺术品大约一个月就会被交易一次。而传统艺术品市场中一件作品的平均转售时间,一般在25到30年。跟传统艺术品交易相比,NFT艺术品交易的匿名性意味着购买或销售的准入门槛很低;再加上它随时随地都可以交易,高流动性和持续的交易吸引了许多投机买家的进入。有很多投机者是根据“这件作品是否能以更高价格转售”为标准来购买NFT艺术品的,他们对内容和艺术品本身几乎不感兴趣,而只希望通过快速转手来赚取利润。
《21世纪》:在这些交易中,NFT艺术品的真实需求和市场的泡沫比例大致各占多少?
Clare McAndrew:我无法给出一个具体的数字,因为我们无法判断人们购买NFT艺术品的动机是什么。但是从市场的细分变化,以及直接销售和转售占比的转变来看,我认为其中相当大一部分的交易都是投机的。我们报告也有提到,除了许多交易的纯投机性质外,由于NFT交易高盈利且不受监管,也让一些可疑的“灰色”做法有机可乘。例如,去年有人通过操纵自己名下多个账户之间的互相倒卖,把一件NFT艺术品的市场价哄抬上去。2021年统计的NFT艺术品销售中,就掺杂了不少这类虚假和不法交易。
《21世纪》:请您谈谈一下2022年的全球艺术市场发展趋势。
Clare McAndrew:在我看来,2021年的全球艺术市场并没有真正完全恢复,是一种行至半途的“复苏”,而目前的艺术活动也还没恢复满负荷运行的状态,所以每个人都期待着未来会有更好的一年。去年12月,我们做完年底调研的时候,发现大家对新一年的态度和预测都非常积极乐观。画廊、拍卖行、收藏家都非常看好未来的销售,许多人都打算出售或者购买新的艺术作品。
今年以来发生的很多事情,给新一年艺术市场的前景增添了不确定。俄乌的紧张局势分散了人们的注意力,很多人无法专注于艺术品交易。因此即便去年我们预期2022年会有积极、乐观的前景,但现在看来仍是变数尚存。显然,现在的我们能预料到经济上的波动和通货膨胀等情况,但消费者对未来的预期仍有很大变数。俄乌局势会对人们买卖艺术品的意愿产生不利影响,后续是否会有所改善,人们是否认为当下是交易艺术品的好时机,依然有待观察。
尽管去年年底调查反馈的情况是全球艺术市场正在逐渐复苏,但我认为对2022全球艺术品市场的发展趋势仍有待观察。

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