“ZKP 零知识证明”时代开启,盘点跨链安全、隐私等几大用例

比推Published on 2023-03-02Last updated on 2023-03-02

Abstract

随着 2023 年的到来,预计 ZKP 零知识证明将在网桥安全、钱包隐私、KYC 合规性和去中心化社交身份方面取得重大进展

去年,零知识证明技术(Zero-Knowledge Proof:ZKP)在加密领域崭露头角,主要作为以太坊生态系统中增强可扩展性的工具,但这只是ZKP效用的冰山一角,近几个月来,ZKP对加密和去中心化应用程序的影响越来越明显。随着 2023 年的到来,预计 ZK 将在网桥安全、钱包隐私、KYC 合规性和去中心化社交身份方面取得重大进展。

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ZK :不仅仅是可扩展性

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为什么 ZK 流行起来?一句话,可扩展性。

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以太坊上有限的交易处理效率导致成本高昂,阻碍了区块链支持任何实际规模的应用程序的能力——更不用说与 web2 竞争的应用程序了。去年取得重大进展的增强可扩展性的一种方法是部署 zkEVM,这使得完全验证大量 EVM 交易变得非常便宜。

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Polygon 计划今年春天在以太坊上发布其Beta zkEVM,而 Matter Labs 的解决方案zkSync 在 2 月份开放了主网进行部署,这与 2022 年测试网公告相比进展迅速。

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下一步:ZK 安全

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毫无疑问的说,我们将拥有一个多链的未来,其中不同的网络和层在更大的加密经济中服务于不同的目的。 桥梁充当区块链之间的“高速公路”。 然而,网桥仍处于初期发展阶段,因此缺乏与许多第 1 层相同级别的安全性。 这一弱点在去年被黑客利用,导致 31 亿美元从桥接黑客中被盗——占 2022 年所有 DeFi 黑客攻击的 64%。

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如果风险承受能力高,使用多签连接链是可以的,但理想情况下,我们应该有一些安全、可验证的方式将多条链连接在一起。 ZKP 这里可以发挥效用,通过使用 zkBridging,=nil; Foundation 在这方面取得了重大进展,该项目正在构建零知识证明市场,以实现无缝数据共享,而无需依赖中心化中介机构。 与之相似的项目也会争相涌现,在所有 L1 之间建立可信的安全连接。

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解决 MetaMask 和 Infura 隐私问题

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在 ConsenSys 宣布他们的自托管钱包 MetaMask 在与默认远程过程调用 (RPC) 应用程序 Infura 一起使用时将收集用户 IP 地址后,加密社区中的许多人感到非常不安。

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IP 地址可用于识别用户的位置,如果来自受审查的国家或地区且合规性要求不明晰,则交易被阻止,这正是 MetaMask 被诟病的做法,影响了委内瑞拉的用户。

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ZK 还可以通过利用使运行您自己的钱包客户端更容易访问来为这个问题提供解决方案。 如果用户运行自己的全节点,他们将参与验证链上交易结算的过程,这可以减轻第三方提供商基于有限信息进行审查的行为。

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随着加密用户的增加和信任问题重新浮出水面,在下一个牛市期间,对无信任全节点的需求可能会开始。

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通常,运行一个完整的节点是计算资源密集型的,但通过部署递归 ZKP 进行有效验证,可以显著降低运行节点的计算成本,从而提高日常用户的可行性。依赖准中心化钱包和数据提供商的弊端越来越明显,这使得对安全和去中心化节点解决方案的需求更加迫切。

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机构参与加密带来合规压力

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随着 TradFi 机构越来越深入地参与加密,对监管合规性的需求也越来越大。 在许多情况下,金融机构的这些要求似乎与加密的核心价值相冲突:去中心化和授权用户控制自己的价值。

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这两个阵营不需要对立,可以利用 ZK 使用户能够共享他们满足合规性要求的证据,而不会泄露可能被黑客攻击风险的个人信息。

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这适用于CBDC 和 dApp 的用例,它们寻求在不危害用户信息或用户数据隐私的核心价值的情况下遵守法规。 与 KYC 相关的治理决策也可以从 ZK 中受益,ZK 技术包括 zkKYC、私有、可扩展的订单簿和对创建符合法规的环境所需的关键链上决策的私人投票。

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总体而言,金融机构的参与将对该领域产生净积极影响,带来大量流动性,并巩固 DeFi 作为全球金融新支柱的地位。 ZK 将通过使合规性变得可行来为过渡铺平道路。

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使用隐私和 zkIdentity 构建用户信任的平台

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ZK 可能产生巨大影响的最后一个地方是构建去信任的、用户拥有的平台。 当前传统公司的中心化性质与其服务的用户之间存在巨大脱节。

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大多数时候,各个平台都正常运行——但我们越来越多地发现,由于缺乏与用户的内在一致性,平台出现故障的频率越来越高。

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就在去年,当 FTX 因未按承诺管理用户资金而被曝光时,这种危险愈发明显。 FTX 最终受到多家监管机构的调查,并宣布破产,平台关闭,客户只能依赖法院追索。 就其公司结构而言,FTX 是一个传统的中心化平台。

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现在似乎可以建立一个用户体验等于或优于中心化交易所的去中心化交易所(DEX)。 zkIdentity 在可验证私人身份方面的进步,zkRollups 在链上可能实现的复杂交易的更高处理效率,以及使系统敏感部分隐私化的技术都有助于推进 DEX。

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这些改进允许构建去中心化平台,其用户体验可与中心化公司提供的相媲美或优于中心化公司提供的用户体验,这对于用户和机构在使用这些原本方便且有用的平台时降低大量交易对手风险非常有意义。

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这些交易对手风险不仅存在于 FTX 等加密货币交易所,还存在于加密货币之外的其他平台。 另一个在信任和风险方面面临明显挑战的领域是社交媒体,例如 Twitter 和 Meta 的用户。

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这就是中心化平台的本质,一小群高管,或者在某种情况下一个人,有能力颠覆整个系统。例如 Elon Musk 收购 Twitter, 改变一个系统有时会产生积极的结果,但它也有可能破坏 Twitter 迄今为止创造的价值和用户利益。

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另一个例子是 Meta 的amplification算法,该算法让资本的利润最大化,但对错误信息的监控不当甚至错误。

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有一种替代模型,由建立在区块链网络上的去中心化系统成为可能,它使用户能够控制自己的数据,并且理想情况下在“公共广场”的治理中有发言权。 ZK 将是通过 zk-identities 在这些治理系统中实现受保护的私人投票的关键。

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鉴于社交话语的交互性和交流性,用户身份是许多社交平台的重要组成部分,但 Web3 的不同之处在于用户拥有自己的身份数据,而不是平台。

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此外,考虑到 ChatGPT 的兴起以及对新闻、娱乐、广告、营销,甚至医疗保健和教育内容创作的影响,我们不得不关注 AI 的影响。

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由于训练最具影响力的模型的高成本以及构建和部署它们的组织要求,人工智能平台尤其受到中心化的控制,在AI 技术即将占领主流的环境中,对尊重用户隐私、集成 zkIdentity 并提供可验证计算的去中心化系统的需求将越来越大,而 ZK 可以在其中发挥强大的作用。

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