合规化潮流背后,DAO正走向现实世界

UnitimesPublished on 2022-03-29Last updated on 2022-03-29

Abstract

“2022年是DAO爆发的元年。” 这是2021年终盘点时,各路预测集体看好的趋势之一。

“2022年是DAO爆发的元年。” 这是2021年终盘点时,各路预测集体看好的趋势之一。

近期,Gitcoin、SuishiSwap等多个知名项目都宣布已经或计划为社区DAO设立法律实体,长期处于法律灰色地带的DAO呈现自我合规化的趋势,为DAO与现实世界的互动带来了更多可能。

3月21日,以太坊开源软件募资与捐助平台 GitCoin 社区通过提案,新近于开曼群岛注册成立的 Gitcoin 基金会(Gitcoin Foundation)将成为代表 Gitcoin DAO 的法人实体。与此同时,去中心化交易所SushiSwap社区也发起提案,计划为 Sushi DAO 成立协会或基金会,以明确代币持有者和贡献者的权利和义务,限制他们的责任并降低风险。

更多新近推出的 DAO 组织,则在成立之初,已“默默”设立好类似合规机构。3月17日,Yuga Labs 推出治理代币 ApeCoin,公告页面显示,法律实体 ApeCoin 基金会也一同成立,以监督其治理社区 ApeCoin DAO。再早之前,ENS社区治理章程也透露了一家开曼群岛非营利组织——ENS 基金会在现实世界中代表ENS DAO行事。

为何知名项目社区纷纷寻求设立法律实体?DAO 发展至今,面临哪些法律困境?社区的合规化尝试,可解决哪些问题?

一、为何需要「合规化」?

DAO(去中心化自治组织)以基于代码和分布式账本的系统连接多方,凭借去信任化、自动执行等特点有望降低现代组织的缔约、执行和监督成本,作为「新的组织结构范式」被长期看好。

分析平台 DeepDAO.io 数据显示,截至今年3月,DAO 数量已增至 4832 个,其中 216 个头部 DAO 的资产管理规模达 95 亿美元,与同期相比,过去一年间 DAO 的资产管理规模已增长近 10 倍。

庞大资金体量同时面临的,是尴尬法律地位带来的无能为力。截至目前,除马绍尔群岛、美国怀俄明州等极少部分地区外,DAO在全球主要地区都处于合法与非法之间的灰色地带,就美国而言,除非 DAO 涉嫌违反证券法,当前美国各个联邦监管机构几乎都没有明确的法律权力来监管DAO。

这一空白意味着DAO隔绝于现行法律框架之外,没有责任约束,但也没有权利。如Yuga Labs在公告中称,今天现实中大多数的 DAO “不能签署租约、雇用人员、制造商品或任何其他社区决定自行做的事情”。

风险方面,据知情人士分析,在美国法律体系下,发生诉讼时,DAO或默认被视为普通合伙企业,所有DAO成员都连带负有无限责任;相应,DAO组织的税收负担也会累及成员个体。

而在“现实世界”中拥有一个代表 DAO 的法律实体,能增强DAO与现实世界的互动能力,规避风险。一方面,它让DAO 参与者仅需承担有限责任,另一方面,该举使DAO能够与其他“现实世界”的服务供应商签订合同,合法持有资产、知识产权、域名,募资等。

二、理事会结构的“中心化”争议

根据H.Forest Ventures研究,除为DAO设立代表性的法律实体之外,DAO合规化还有“作为有限合伙企业(在美国怀俄明州法律体系下)运营”等其他选择。但在实际操作中,参考ApeCoin、GitCoin、ENS等项目的选择,“理事会结构”的解决方案最受欢迎。

「理事会结构」指,DAO指定一个核心群体以代表并执行DAO批准的行动(比如与其他公司签订合同或协议),并适当管理DAO的日常业务。放进ApeCoin基金会、ENS 基金会而言,这一“核心群体”指的就是这些机构中设立的「董事会」。

不过,加密社区中已有人质疑理事会结构不够“去中心化”,使DAO与传统公司的决策流程无异。针对区块链行业古老的“分权-效率”命题,Sushi前负责人 OxMaki 在接受纽约时报采访时表示,他认为,DAO 的优势——多样性和去中心化——也被证明是其弱点。

“DAO由全世界范围内各种各样的人组成,各方之间没有任何关系。每个组群的愿景和方向都不同。DAO从来没有在内部达成完全的决定。这是一个错误。”OxMaki 称。

H.Forest Ventures则认为,短期内,就DAO与传统公司的互动而言,理事会DAO是最有效、最无缝的选择。

在实际设计中,董事会除充当中心化决策者外,也有空间作为“监督者”存在。如在Yuga Labs设计中,ApeCoin 基金会“不控制 ApeCoin 或 ApeCoin DAO”。该基金会董事会相当于“第三方项目管理团队”,仅负责监督 ApeCoin DAO 的决策,以及确保 ApeCoin DAO 决策得到实施。

在ENS 和 GitCoin 社区,基金会则赋予DAO任命、罢免董事会成员的权力,以此平衡上述中心化的担忧。

三、影响和反思

建立外部法人实体,增强了DAO与现实世界互动的能力,让DAO距离成为金融和合作组织的主流形式,更近了一步。

不过,这仅仅是DAO领域在外部合规化的努力。

当前,加密社区内推崇的匿名性在一定程度上会助长权力滥用,而DAO在内部管理方面,对此又缺乏明确的义务规定和责任约束。

去年年底,SushiSwap团队陷离职纠纷,事后调查显示,Suishi 前CTO Joseph Delong 疑似通过内部权力团体逼走Sushi负责人,而他本人作为Sushi 的受雇员工,在代码开发的本职工作上并不作为。这一事件最终以Joseph Delong主动离职收尾。

CoinGecko 作者 Benjamin Hor 对这些现象总结称,“现实是,所有DAO的成员几乎完全依赖对选定个人的信任,而这些人可以选择放弃对他们的行为负责。” 在类似事件发生时,加密社区通常只能以舆论倒逼来解决,而没有任何规范的内部问责渠道。

外没有法律、内没有自我约束的情况下,现有的DAO治理机制常常带来“财阀”集权效应或“多数人的暴政”等现象(前者案例有"UNI大户"a16z在Uniswap赠款事件决策中的主导性地位,后有Juno Network 社区通过第16号提案,没收“空投巨鲸”的部分资产)。

因而,未来DAO的规范化运作,也需要延伸至内部。

正如Juno Network 核心成员 JakeHartnell 在「16号提案」风波过后反思,借助铸造/销毁代币、强制重新委托、回滚以及冻结智能合约等,“社区治理拥有比 Web2 时代中心化机构更加「独裁」的权力”,因此未来每一份提案都应该被更谨慎地充分讨论,并应该提前设立一系列不容违背的准则。

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