国内&国外,近期NFT监管走向分析

巴比特Опубліковано о 2022-03-10Востаннє оновлено о 2022-03-10

Анотація

我国法律法规对区块链、虚拟货币、数字藏品等相关领域一直持有审慎态度。2021年NFT在全球火爆并持续快速发展,国内大厂与新秀也同时走上了“赛道”。

我国法律法规对区块链、虚拟货币、数字藏品等相关领域一直持有审慎态度。2021年NFT在全球火爆并持续快速发展,国内大厂与新秀也同时走上了“赛道”。

尽管各个平台对于NFT的玩法不一,但是自NFT产生至今,都无法与“金融”二字撇清关系。美国证券交易委员会认为,如果向公众提供NFT,并承诺其具有流动性及发行人会提供其他服务,以此来增加NFT的价值,此类NFT可能会被认定本质为投资性质,只是披上了一层虚拟属性的外衣,从而进一步认定其为证券。也正因为如此,NFT在经过了2021年一年的飞速膨胀后,对其进行监管也成为一件迫在眉睫的事。

今天,飒姐团队就与大家讨论一下国外目前对于NFT的监管态度,并分析国内对于NFT监管的走向。

国外对NFT的监管态度及措施

近期,据彭博社报道,美国证券交易委员会在关注NFT可能会被用于不受监管的证券代币发行。在过去的几个月里,美国证券交易委员会已向NFT的创建者和各种加密公司和交易所发出传票,要求提供特定NFT和其他一些代币产品的更多相关信息。与加密资产一样,美国证券交易委员会的主要关注点是NFT是否可以作为证券进行分类和监管?此举是想要保证NFT市场将遵守其规则。此外,今年2月初,美国财政部发布《通过艺术品交易开展洗钱和恐怖融资的研究》,报告将NFT归类于新兴在线艺术品市场,明确指出数字艺术品领域内存在洗钱风险。

从欧盟监管的角度来看,NFT可能属于加密资产监管市场提案(Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation,简称MiCA)的任何一个类别,该提案旨在对欧盟金融法尚未涵盖的加密资产提供全面监管。因此,NFT的发行者和服务提供商都将受MiCA提案的约束。最新的MiCA草案提到,某些NFT不应被认为是唯一的、非同质化的,因此这类NFT也将受到MiCA的约束。草案还指出,如果NFT持有人或其创作者拥有与金融工具相关的特定权利(如利润权利或其他权利),则提案法规应同样明确适用。这种情况下,此类NFT会被评估为“证券令牌”类的资产。

韩国的金融监督局同样也关注到NFT存在的风险,在今年2月先后提出将加强对NFT和元宇宙等新兴市场企业IPO的核查,并将针对快速增长的数字资产市场中对消费者造成损害的因素制定对策。

在新加坡,至目前为止仍然没有明确的法律指引规定NFT。但是,如果NFT产品并非挂钩实物,其本质为投资属性,那么就会被认定为证券,要受到新加坡金融管理局的监管。

我国NFT监管之路

目前,虽然我国从政策上并未给出NFT具体法规,但是在NFT爆发式增长的现实情况下,监管与合规是一个必然无法绕开的问题。在过去的2021年,各机构和企业已经开始着手建立NFT的相关标准。

2021年9月份,科技部下属中国技术市场协会标准化工作委员会联合多家机构成立专门工作组,共同开展《 NFT平台与产品评测》团体标准研制、起草工作。旨在建立起一套适合中国国情、满足国内NFT行业长期健康发展需要的相关团体标准。

2021年10月份,NFT行业首个自律公约发布。国家版权交易中心联盟联合中国美术学院、浙江省杭州互联网公证处,以及国内头部互联网企业共同发布了《数字文创行业自律公约》。

这些行业标准的制定,将为不远的将来NFT相关监管措施的制定提供一定的参考价值。

在正在召开的“两会”中,一些代表也提出了应加强对数字藏品产业的监管。具体内容主要包括以下几方面:

加强数字藏品版权保护。相关机构协同国家区块链创新应用在版权领域的试点单位,共同探索数字藏品版权的登记、维权机制,提升数字藏品制作、发行、销售等各个产业环节的版权保护,制定数字藏品有关的版权保护实行办法,维护市场文化创意生产工作者或组织机构的合法权益,夯实数字藏品的良性生产环境基础。

对数字藏品发行进行有效监管。因数字藏品与传统出版发行物、限量纪念品等产品有一定的相似性,建议有关部门制定数字藏品发行管理办法,对违规不良数字藏品发行进行监督下架,在数字环境下,进一步培育壮大主流意识形态数字藏品创作群体,促进数字藏品创作正向成长,传播中华优秀文化内容。

设立数字藏品交易平台准入制度。建议有关部门制定数字藏品交易平台的准入制度、提高交易平台建设的行政审批门槛,并对交易平台的区块链算法应用、交易产生的数据进行监督管理,避免一些不法分子通过数字藏品交易平台进行违规、违法操作,侵害消费者的合法权益。

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