Tornado制裁风波将长期影响ETH及其生态吗?

白话区块链Опубліковано о 2022-09-13Востаннє оновлено о 2022-09-13

Анотація

众所周知,上个月圈内发生了件大事儿:那就是知名混币器Tornado被OFAC打击了?

众所周知,上个月圈内发生了件大事儿:那就是知名混币器Tornado被OFAC打击了?

什么?OFAC是啥?Tornado又是啥?

OFAC是美国财政部海外资产控制办公室(OFAC)。是美国最重要的针对特定国家、地区和人员进行的经济和贸易制裁的政府部门。它的使命是在于管理和执行所有基于美国国家安全和对外政策的经济和贸易制裁,包括对一切恐怖主义、跨国毒品和麻醉品生意,大规模杀伤性武器扩散行为进行金融领域的制裁……这段网上直接复制粘贴的,总之就是国内管不了的地方,就让OFAC通过金融手段去国外管。

Tornado呢?这个应该名气大到但凡只要你玩区块链,即便没用过,也至少应该听说过吧?没吃过猪肉,还没见过猪跑?

总之事情以Tornado Cash 协议以及与之相关的38个以太坊地址被放入 SDN List(美国特别制定国民黑名单),Tornado代码库被Github下架,前端网页被禁,一个开发者在荷兰被逮捕而告终。

本来这事儿可能就过去了,毕竟Tornado的真实用户群体数量不大,但这段时间恰逢ETH转型POS,于是乎转型之后的抗审查问题再次引起了人们的关注。如果说ETH到时候也被像Tornado这样打击了,该怎么办?

于是乎网上关于这个问题展开了铺天盖地的讨论甚至是辩论,在这里挑几点重要的跟大家说。

01

先说点你可能不知道的

Tornado还是能用的,不然你叫ETH的老脸往哪搁,去中心化不是随便说说的。智能合约部署了就是部署了,ETH还在跑它就接着跑。

当然,门槛提高了很多,毕竟前端网站被封了,作为普通用户,你就别想了。

对于工程师,或是黑客来讲,人家知道怎么直接调用合约,照样还是用的飞起,或是使用运行在IPFS的镜像网站也OK。

不过同样,现在对于Tornado代码的更新或是维护升级之类的,就被视作跟OFAC对着干了,搞不好哪天FBI就来敲你的门了。

比较好玩的是事情发生之后,立刻就有匿名用户通过 Tornado Cash 向知名加密人士发送小额 ETH 进行 “投毒”。很多大V表示都收到了0.1 ETH,这下这些人的地址都跟Tornado有关联了,OFAC再进行批量封杀的时候,可能就得三思而后行,或是做下更加细致的过滤才行。

02

ETH怎么就被“波及”了?

转POS之后证券的认定

那么Tornado事件怎么就波及到了ETH呢?这当然还是跟Merge有关,Merge从POW转了POS,大家很是担心ETH以后会被SEC视作证券。

被视作证券很好理解,以前POW,ETH和BTC一样,都不是生息资产,而转作POS之后,质押ETH会有利息,这非常有股票,债券之类的证券即视感。

理论上来说,基本上所有POS公链Token都会有这个问题。

但要从证券的严格定义来讲,证券持有人是从“从他人的努力中获得利润的期望”,这一点与ETH2.0并不完全符合,毕竟验证者是通过自己的在线验证努力而获得奖励,而非像是股票一样只是单纯持有,通过公司的努力获得利润。

但有一点确实不可否认,从POW转POS之后,ETH被判定为证券的概率从0上升到了有,也就更加容易进入SEC和OFAC的视线。

03

审查到底是啥?

POW和POS哪个更抗审查

很多人其实对与扛审查这几个字是有误解的,换句话说,对于审查的理解是有误的。

审查不是篡改你的订单,那是攻击,对BTC或是ETH发动攻击的难度那可是太大了。

审查是指要求矿工或是节点不给你的商单打包,让你的商单上不了链。

但是这个审查其实也没有那么可怕,如果你真的理解ETH2.0的出块机制的话,你会发现,即便像是Coinbase这种节点服务商不给你打包了,你等一等,晚点还是会有那些没有被审查的节点再给你打包的,你的商单只是会晚上链,但完全上不去链的几率不大。

至于说POW和POS那个更加扛审查,这个其实是个见仁见智的问题。

理论上来说,SEC或是OFAC这些机构,想要审查POW,一样可以做到,因为BTC的矿池集中程度跟POS的质押服务商集中程度都差不多,以前矿池大多集中在国内,美国那边够不到,现在因为政策原因,很多矿池跑去了美国和加拿大,绝对是可以审查机构可以够的着的地方。

技术层面,POS服务商用的大IDC机房,被审查的时候不好跑,POW那边也都是成规模的矿场,也同样不好跑,大家在扛审查的能力上真的是半斤八两。

但是还是上面说的,POW因为不是证券,很难进入这些机构的视线,而ETH转POS之后,更容易被盯上,差距更多在于监管层的意识层面,而非共识或技术差距。

04

ETH应对的措施:社会层面+技术层面

如果说哪天ETH真的被盯上了,有什么办法反击呢?

目前来看有三个办法:

1.纯技术层面

这个得等,等到2年之后Danksharding出来之后才行,因为Danksharding会包含一个PBS(出块打包分离)+crList(抗审查列表)的技术,简单来说就是Proposer(出块者) 有权利指定一个商单列表,这个商单列表必须被 Builder(打包者) 所包含;在赢得拍卖后,Builder 需要证明 crList 中的订单都已经被包含在内,否则该区块将被视为无效。这下节点想要剔除某些地址的商单不给上链,就很费劲了。

2.技术+社会共识

V神放出狠话,说自己在推特上一个知名的民调中,投了“将审查制度视为对以太坊的攻击,并通过社会共识烧掉他们的股份“。当然,相对麻烦的是60%左右的Staking节点都在OFAC打击半径之内,你可能很难通过少数人投票烧掉多数人的股份,好在像是Coinbase的CEO也明确表示,若是真的碰上这种两难问题,Coinbase宁可放弃Staking业务,在节点质押的去中心化上添一把火。

3.纯社会共识

今天在推特上看到这么一句话,感觉还是很有道理,这可能也是真正长期的战略 - “最被恶搞的Crypto大反派Brad Sherman也投诚了,之前口口声声说封杀加密资产,现在承认加密领域现在钱多、力量大,已经无法全面封杀。技术层面抗审是基础,但广泛应用和对主流社会的共识提升才是最好的抗审查,当他儿、孙都在支持和参与Web3,爷爷就闭嘴了。”

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