一览由 Meta 几位前成员发布的 PoS 区块链网络 Sui

FОпубліковано о 2022-09-08Востаннє оновлено о 2022-09-08

Анотація

在 Mysten Labs 宣布完成由 3 亿美元融资之际,重温 Sui 公链特点和代币经济模型。

在此前 Facebook 稳定币项目 Diem 因监管和合规问题无法推进之时,部分原团队成员「兵分两路」开始基于 Diem 编程语言 Move 探索推出新公链,一边是以 Novi Financial 原研发总监 Evan Chang 和原首席工程师 Sam Blackshear 为首的 PoS 区块链网络 Sui 开发商 Mysten Labs,另一边是曾在 Novi 领导区块链战略合作伙伴关系的 Mohammad Shaikh 和 Novi 原首席软件工程师 Avery Ching 推出的 Layer1 公链 Aptos。

今天我们将仅介绍区块链网络 Sui。Mysten Labs 认为现有加密基础设施的低扩展性、非跨平台的智能合约语言等阻碍了 Web3 的采用,因此 Sui 在充分利用 Diem 编程语言 Move 安全性和灵活性的同时进行了优化,具有水平可扩展和即时结算、存储低成本以及能够定义具有丰富属性的复杂资产、跨平台运行等特点。

创始团队均为 Meta 前高管

Mysten Labs 的四位联合创始人均任职于 Meta(原 Facebook),其中,

首席执行官 Evan Chang 曾在 Apple 担任过编译技术高级经理,在 Meta 金融服务部门 Novi Financial 担任过研发总监;

首席技术官 Sam Blackshear 在 Novi Financial 担任过首席工程师,也是用于 Diem(原 Libra) 区块链的安全且灵活的编程语言 Move 创作者之一;

另外一位联合创始人 Adeniyi Abiodun 曾为 Novi 的产品主管;

首席科学家 George Danezis 也在 Novi Financial 担任过研究科学家,负责设计和构建 Diem(原 Libra)支付网络。

尽管 Mysten Labs 四位联合创始人均来自于 Meta,但该团队此前也指出,Sui 不是 Diem 网络的衍生产品。

Mysten Labs 在很早期就获得了多家行业内领先投资方的支持,于去年 12 月获得由 a16z 领投的 3600 万美元融资,参投方还包括 Redpoint、Lightspeed、Coinbase Ventures、Electric Capital、Standard Crypto、NFX、Slow Ventures、Scribble Ventures、Samsung NEXT、Lux Capital、Bienville、Hack VC、Finality Capital、Elad Gil 以及其他 Web3 基金和天使投资人。

PoS 区块链网络 Sui 是什么?

今年 3 月份,Mysten Labs 公布其首个产品,即名为 Sui 的 PoS 区块链网络,Sui 发音为没有「t」的「sweet」。 Sui 基于核心 Move 编程语言构建,Move 最初由 Facebook 开发,用于为 Libra 区块链提供支持,旨在成为一种跨平台语言,能使通用库、工具和开发人员社区带着不同的数据和执行模型跨链。

不过,Sui 使用的 Move 在充分利用了 Move 安全性和灵活性的同时,并对核心 Move 进行了优化和使 Move 编程更加容易,不同点是 Sui Move 中没有全局存储,存储只发生在 Sui 存储内,而不是 Move 存储中。除此之外,Sui Move 还有地址代表 Object ID、每个 Object 必须有一个唯一的 ID 等。

Sui 单独验证交易,而不是将这些交易分批成传统的区块,因此交易延迟性更低。在设计方面,Sui 是水平扩展的,通过在因果独立事务上实现并行协议,非常具有可扩展性,Sui 在大多数 object 上都同意并行执行事务,而影响共享状态的少数事务通过拜占庭容错共识排序并并行执行。Mysten Labs 也对其高吞吐量内存池和共识引擎 Narwhal & Tusk 进行了开源。如果对 Sui 技术和工作原理感兴趣,可以阅览 Sui 官方文档概述。

主要来说,Sui 有以下几个特性:

一、高扩展性和即时结算:Sui 横向扩展以满足应用程序的需求。Mysten Labs 表示,Sui authorities(节点)理论上可以有效地无限扩展网络吞吐量,以满足建设者和创造者的需求。截至 2022 年 3 月 19 日,在 8 核 M1 Macbook Pro 上运行的未优化单一 worker(single-worker) Sui authorities 可以每秒执行和提交 12 万个代币传输事务 (TPS)。

二、使用 Move 智能合约。Move 的设计可以防止攻击者利用重入漏洞和欺骗性代币批准等漏洞。

三、Sui 的可扩展性不仅限于事务处理,在存储方面也是低成本和水平可扩展的,使开发人员能够定义具有丰富属性的复杂资产,这些资产直接存在于链上而非链下存储。例如,开发人员可以实现动态 NFT,这些 NFT 可以以特定于应用程序的方式进行升级、捆绑和分组。

四、Mysten Labs 还将发布 Sui Developer Kit 开源工具包,让开发者减少调试智能合约、等待审核或构建基本技术堆栈元素的时间。Sui Developer Kit 的三个构建模块包括游戏 SDK、引导社区的 SDK 和 Handshake SDK。

其中,在引导社区的 SDK 方面,SuiEcho 允许现有的 NFT 所有者将它们「复制」到 Sui 中,例如,以太坊 NFT 所有者可以使用 SuiEcho 向 Sui 网络提供所有权证明,并铸造相应的基于 Sui 的 NFT。随后,基于 Sui 的 NFT 成为独立资产,不再与原始资产绑定。Mysten Labs 认为,「真正的去中心化意味着可以同时在不同的地方享受资产所带来的好处等,NFT 所有者可以完全独立地自由使用原始 NFT 和基于 Sui 的 NFT。」

代币经济模型

Sui 已经公布会发行原生代币 SUI,总供应量上限为 100 亿枚,一部分将在主网发布时流动,剩余的代币将在未来几年内释放,或作为未来的股权奖励补贴进行分配。SUI 有四个用途:被抵押以参与权益证明机制(PoS)、支付 Gas 费以执行交易和其他操作、支撑整个 Sui 经济的多功能和流动资产、参与链上投票来发挥治理作用。

根据 Sui 此前公布的代币经济学模型,包含用户、SUI 代币持有者、验证节点这 3 个主要参与者和 SUI 代币、Gas 费用、Sui 的存储基金、权益证明机制(PoS)、链上投票机制这 5 个核心部分。

Gas 机制方面,Sui 用户为执行和存储支付单独的费用。其中,执行(计算)Gas 费是通过在 Sui epoch(约 24 小时)重复运行的过程确定,验证者在 epoch 开始时提交的保留价格(即,愿意接受的最低价格)决定该 epoch 期间的参考价格,在每个 epoch 结束时,协议将质押奖励和计算费用分配给质押证明机制的参与者,设定保留价格低于参考价格的用户在 epoch 结束时能够获得更多的奖励,可以认为,Sui 的经济模型激励验证者设定低 Gas 费用(但不能太低),此外,响应速度较快的验证者也能得到更高的奖励,以此督促验证者的高效运行。

另外,用户在提交交易时还需要支付存储费用,这些费用会保存在存储基金中,用于 PoS 系统中增加支付给 Sui 验证者的质押奖励,以补充这些验证者的存储费用。也就是说,质押奖励的另外两个分配原则是,验证者通过质押奖励获得存储成本补偿,帮助设定低参考 Gas 价格而且顺利运行的验证者能获得更高的奖励。

小结

Mysten Labs 已在近期发布了 Sui DevNet,除了 Mysten Labs 运营的验证者之外,Mysten Labs 还在制定一个带有第三方验证者的 Sui 激励测试网计划。

低延时性、横向可扩展性、可以通过 SuiEcho 从其他链复制 NFT 至 Sui 以及对验证者和代币持有者和用户三方公平友好的 Gas 定价机制等特性,能否驱动 Sui 在未来主导区块链底层基础设施让我们拭目以待。

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