ERC-3475灵活身姿,扶持DeFi冲一波高峰体验?

FastDailyОпубліковано о 2022-08-31Востаннє оновлено о 2022-08-31

Анотація

DeFi作为加密世界的产物,具有鲜明的Web3色彩。

传统模式下,DeFi债券工具的困局

DeFi作为加密世界的产物,具有鲜明的Web3色彩。其通常被视为是传统金融的去中心化版本。因而传统金融中的储蓄、借贷、资管、EX、保险、基金等业务,通常都可以在DeFi中找到对应的样态。

但是,作为基础金融工具的债券,却由于自身的性质问题,而未能在区块链之上获得真正意义上的去中心化拓展。

从本质而言,债券的发行需要相当复杂的数据结构,但与之对应,行业内却缺少一个支持发行复杂结构债券的技术标准和DeFi协议。在此之前,债券的发行通常以ERC-20标准作为支撑,但这无疑会受到大量的阻碍。

一方面,ERC-20标准不具备复杂的数据结构,因此,在这种标准下发行债券时,就需要按照债券类型,为每一种债券单独部署智能合约。同时,不同类别的债券几乎不可能存在兼容性。这与债券发行的复杂数据结构需求可以说背道而驰。因此,要基于现有DeFi协议发行由ERC-20 token提供流动性池的债券产品,几乎是不可能的。

另一方面,由于高昂的Gas费成本,ERC-20也很难支持将债券回报和赎回逻辑全都存储在链上。

上述的一切都在表明,DeFi如果想在链上兼容债券工具,需要一个支持复杂数据结构和多种赎回功能的新标准。

呼之欲出的全新标准ERC-3475

近期,以太坊基金会通过了一项全新的提案——EIP-3475提案。这项提案的核心涉及一项全新的应用标准——ERC-3475。在ERC-3475的标准之下,任何用户都可以自定义发行去中心化,且具有复杂结构的债券及金融衍生品,如期货、期权、权证、掉期等。

EIP-3475的基本原理在于使每个债券类别的ID都可以代表一个新的可配置代币类型,并一一对应于各个类别,使得发行具有多种赎回数据的债券具有现实的可行性。

ERC-3475所具有的复杂数据结构,使得ERC-3475 token具有存储更多债券信息的潜力,从而支持开发人员为债券赎回和回报机制构建更复杂的逻辑。

同时,这些特性也赋予了ERC-3475 token足够的灵活性,使其能够支持多种可赎回债券。在ERC-3475标准下,每个债券都将被分配独立的算法,且无需额外部署智能合约。这种一份合约管理多种债券的思路不仅高效,也更具经济性,Gas成本将大大降低。

此外,自动做市商(AMM)通常需要使用单独的智能合约和ERC-20 LP代币来管理交易对,这不仅会降低LP的整体流动性,还会浪费不必要的Gas费,同时因为网络拥堵还可能造成交易延迟。

ERC-3475标准则截然不同,它使用了多层流动性池,支持更大的LP创建众多交易对。由于每个债券都存储了所有必要的数据,ERC-3475就不需要在添加新的LP对时发布单独的合约,这不仅大大提升了LP的流动性,节约了Gas费,还在一定程度上规避了被攻击风险。

D/Bond去中心化债券生态平台

EIP-3475提案是由去中心化债券生态平台D/Bond向以太坊基金会提交的。D/Bond是一个去中心化债券生态系统平台,其致力于通过其提出的ERC-3475标准为DeFi市场构建真正的去中心化债券生态系统。

D/Bond提供了一系列基于ERC-3475标准的DEX、钱包和可视债券设计工具。任何机构或个人都可以通过可视化编程界面设计自己的债券产品进行融资,技术门槛和使用门槛都极低。

基于ERC-3475标准,不仅可以创建传统意义上的标准债券,还能创建远期、期货、期权、二元期权、权证、掉期交易等模式更为复杂的金融衍生品。用户也可以将现有债券打包为涵盖不同风险回报组合的衍生品,在D/Bond DEX上进行交易。

目前,D/Bond还发行了D/NFT,该NFT系列共11,633枚。据悉,D/NFT可以在所有D/项目中转换为投票权。通过铸造D/NFT,用户将获得访问所有D/项目初始白名单的权利。

在传统金融市场,债券的核心价值是为用户提供一种相对稳定的避险投资方式,甚至即便市场处于深熊的状态,也能保持同美元价格的锚定,但在目前,加密市场想要做到这一点仍旧十分困难。而D/bond就致力于此。

D/bond采用了多层流动性池,它的多层池采用了分级债券的策略,分为浮动利率池和稳定利率池。稳定利率池稳定性高、安全性高、利息低;浮动利率池反之,但浮动利率池的资产可以保证稳定利率池资产的可赎回性。

资产支持债券在传统金融的债券市场中是一个相当细分的赛道。因此,D/bond的债券分层实际上并非债券本身,而是债券子类中资产支持债券的子类MBS和ABS中的ABS。EIP-3475的思路其实就是通过将所有债券打包到一个池子,来化解单一的违约风险。

ERC-3475的背后

信用评级体系问题

D/bond的多层流动性池对于化解单一的违约风险的确可以达到一些成效,但系统性风险却依旧无法得到解决。因为从本质来说,加密市场同金融市场的逻辑仍存在较大的差异。

试想一下,如果债券的发行方是本就存在融资需求的项目方,其本身就缺乏资金,缺乏有价值的抵押物。在传统的金融市场中,或许它们可以选择抵押实体资产,比如房地产、生产设备等来作为价值的锚定。

但在加密市场,抵押物不可避免会变更为具有高波动率的虚拟货币,这时,债券本身的底层逻辑就存在问题。所以对于D/bond或者ERC-3475标准来说,其核心价值问题应该提早进行考虑。

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因此,即便EIP-3475提案的通过看似只是DeFi领域的债券问题,实际上其牵扯到整个加密市场的核心问题之一——信用评级体系问题。

目前,加密市场的信用评级系统是相当匮乏的,因此主流信用债券的发行并不存在良好的土壤。即便发行,市场用户大多也不敢参与,甚至敬而远之。这就导致主流项目团队对于该赛道燃不起兴趣。这样循环下去,信用债券在加密市场的应用场景只会越来越窄。

因此,从这个角度而言,信用债券在DeFi中的普及恐怕不能只着眼于“术”的层面,而更多的要从“道”的角度出发。但从当下的情况来看,加密市场信用评级系统的完善之路无疑还有很多路要走。

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