CBDC 分歧为何使美国加密法案投票意外翻车?

比推Опубліковано о 2025-07-17Востаннє оновлено о 2025-07-17

作者:Bright,Foresight News

原标题:特朗普急了,为何美国如此讨厌央行数字货币


北京时间 7 月 16 日早,据 Politico 记者报道,美国众议院对加密货币相关法案的程序性投票未能通过。而据福克斯新闻,美国众议院计划在美东时间 17:00 左右(北京时间 05:00)就加密货币相关法案的议事规则尝试再次进行表决。

据报道,特朗普总统被打脸后非常「生气」。在众议院投票失败后,特朗普立即发文表示:GENIUS 法案将于明天通过,今天已在白宫椭圆办公室与 11 位持反对意见的众议员会面商讨通过「GENIUS Act」等立法规则,并获一致同意将在次日上午支持该规则。

但美国民主党党鞭随后表示,今天众议院并没有额外的加密货币法案投票计划。本次投票以 196 票赞成 vs 222 票反对收场,导致包括稳定币法规在内的三项加密货币法案和国防支出法案无法进入正式审议阶段。其中包含的加密法案主要有:

GENIUS Act(稳定币法规)

CLARITY Act(数字资产市场结构监管)

Anti‑CBDC Surveillance State Act(反 CBDC 监控国家法案)

美国众议院议长约翰逊只能尴尬表示,希望周三在众议院再次尝试就加密货币法案进行程序性投票。

来势汹汹的特朗普政府

自 GENIUS 法案 6 月 18 日通关参议院后,特朗普立刻表示,希望在 8 月份国会闭会期前在总统桌上看到这份法案。市场消息也一致认为众议院对于 GENIUS 法案的表决只是「走个流程」,其正式通过可谓是板上钉钉。

而在众议院对 GENIUS 进行「程序性投票」前,特朗普已经在社交媒体发文「开香槟」,其称:「加密货币周快乐。众议院即将就一项重大法案进行投票,该法案(GENIUS Act)旨在使美国成为数字资产领域无可争议的头号领导者。数字资产代表着未来,而美国遥遥领先。今天下午就完成第一次投票吧(所有共和党人都应该投赞成票)。这是我们的时刻。这一切都是为了使美国再次伟大,比以往任何时候都更强大、更卓越。我们正在引领世界,并将与参议院和众议院共同努力,推动更多相关立法获得通过。」

为何惨遭「打脸」?CBDC 竟是原罪

不过,众议院之所以没有按剧本完成一系列加密货币法案投票计划,GENUIS 稳定币法案可能并非冲突爆发的中心。会前,白宫人工智能和加密货币主管、「加密沙皇」 David Sacks 突如其来的声明,实在令人寻味。他明确表示,特朗普政府拟禁止央行数字货币(CBDC)发行。

可见,Anti‑CBDC Surveillance State Act(反 CBDC 监控国家法案),或许才是两党真正的角斗场。

共和党与民主党在有关 CBDC 的议题上争锋已久,拜登政府十分致力于推进 CBDC。2022 年 3 月,拜登签署第 14067 号行政令:《确保负责任地开发数字资产》,将设计和部署 CBDC 的研发工作置于最高优先级。2023 年 3 月,财政部负责国内金融事务的副部长梁奈利(Nellie Liang)在大西洋理事会(Atlantic Council)的一次演讲中宣布财政部将召集一个跨部门工作组,探讨 CBDC 的发展,使美国「在确定 CBDC 符合国家利益的情况下迅速向前推进」。

为提升 CBDC 地位,拜登政府不惜打压加密货币。同年 3 月,白宫经济顾问委员会发布年度报告,其中一整章专门讨论数字资产。报告将 CBDC 和美联储推出的 FedNow 支付系统作为提升货币和金融的更有前途的途径,并表达了打压加密货币的观点,认为加密货币除炒作风险外几乎毫无价值。这份报告继而成为拜登政府对加密行业持续高压的思想基石。

而竭力反对 CBDC 的阵营则站满了主流共和党人、硅谷自由主义者、反建制左派以及加密货币从业者,他们均以担心隐私和政府控制为由一致反对 CBDC。在拜登政府执政末期,民主党牵头 CBDC 的设想已经基本破产。《反 CBDC 监控国家法案》于 2024 年 5 月就已在众议院通过,当时参议院尚未表决。法案明确禁止美联储直接或通过中介间接向公众发行零售型央行数字货币(CBDC),也不得将其用于公开市场操作或任何货币政策工具,并禁止开展任何形式的 CBDC 测试。

果不其然,美国时间 2025 年 1 月 23 日,走马上任新一任总统的特朗普立即签署行政令,禁止任何机构在美国境内外发行或使用央行数字货币(CBDC),并放松对私人发行数字货币的监管,同时成立美国总统领导的数字资产市场工作组,即后来以 David Sacks 为主席的白宫人工智能与加密货币工作组。

所以,反 CBDC 法案实际上是特朗普政府推行 GENUIS 等加密法案的前置合法性来源。这次三项实质性的加密货币大法案未能通过,本质上还是以民主党人主流的 CBDC 建制派和共和党人主流的加密货币派的争斗。

不过,从社会层面看,CBDC 在美国缺乏实际民意基础。此前民调显示,仅约 16% 的美国人表示支持 CBDC,78% 表示「不太可能使用」,其中超过一半表示「极不可能使用」。

对此,中金曾发表研报指出,《反 CBDC 监控国家法案》与《CLARITY 法案》和《GENIUS 法案》共同构成美国数字货币监管路径的逻辑闭环。它体现了美国的战略选择:放弃由政府主导的 CBDC,转而支持由私营部门发行的美元稳定币,并对其实施政策引导和监管。在全球央行纷纷探索 CBDC 的浪潮中,此举也凸显了传统共和党人基于「小政府、大市场」理念的差异化路径。长期来看,美元稳定币与各国央行发行的 CBDC 将形成竞争关系,从某种程度上讲,这种路线差异代表了市场与政府在创新赛道上的又一次比拼。

说明: 比推所有文章只代表作者观点,不构成投资建议

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