继美国 GENIUS 之后,香港通过的稳定币法案有何新看点?

链捕手Опубліковано о 2025-05-24Востаннє оновлено о 2025-05-24

原文作者:Ethan,Odaily 星球日报

 

5 月 21 日傍晚,中国香港特区政府于 2024 年底提交的《稳定币条例草案》经香港立法会三读通过,最终经过特首签署及法例刊宪之后便可以正式生效。至此,香港成为全球首个为法币挂钩稳定币建立全面监管框架的司法管辖区,合规的香港稳定币有望在今年年底前正式落地。

与此同时,美国参议院于 5 月 19 日以 66: 32 通过了《2025 年美国稳定币创新指导与建立法案》(GENIUS Act)的程序性投票,试图为美元挂钩稳定币提供联邦监管(推荐阅读:《GENIUS 法案有望跑通参议院,稳定币监管迎来历史级突破》)。本文笔者将基于香港稳定币法案《条例》原文(宪报编号 C 3116-C 3684),解构其核心内容,对比美国稳定币法案《GENIUS Act》,并汇集行业观点,探讨两大监管框架的异同与影响。

香港稳定币法案内容解构

《稳定币条例草案》原文

《稳定币条例草案》共 11 部、 175 条及 8 个附表,涵盖发牌制度、持牌人责任、监管权力及制裁等。以下是基于原文对部分笔者认为较为重要的内容做出梳理:

定义与范围:

· 稳定币定义:指「法币挂钩稳定币」,以法定货币(如港元、美元)为锚定资产,以维持稳定价值的代币。

· 受规管活动:包括发行稳定币、管理储备资产及提供稳定币相关服务。

发牌制度:

· 发行人需向香港金融管理局申请牌照,申请者限于公司或香港以外的认可机构。

· 最低注册资本 2500 万港元,确保财务实力。

· 未持牌从事受规管活动或虚假宣传为罪行,最高可罚款及监禁。

持牌人责任:

· 储备管理:稳定币需 1: 1 锚定法定货币,储备资产需全额覆盖并定期审计。

· 消费者保护:强制无条件赎回权,确保用户可随时按面值赎回。

· 管理要求:持牌人需任命行政总裁、董事及稳定币经理,须经香港金融管理局同意。

· 监管与制裁:香港金融管理局可要求持牌人提供资料、进行调查或任命法定管理人。制裁包括罚款、牌照撤销及刑事责任,无牌活动、非认许提供者销售等经循公诉程序定罪,可处最高 500 万港元罚款及 7 年监禁;欺诈行为可处最高 1000 万港元罚款及 10 年监禁。

· 过渡安排:现有稳定币发行人需在生效日前(预计 2025 年内生效)申请牌照或退出市场。

与美国《GENIUS Act》的对比

《GENIUS Act》概述

《GENIUS Act》(S. 394)旨在为美元挂钩支付型稳定币提供联邦监管框架,促进创新并维护美元全球地位(从法案中第 1 条便可获知)。法案于 2025 年 2 月 4 日提交,5 月 19 日通过程序性投票,尚未最终通过。

对比分析

核心差异与战略定位总结(不同点):

监管框架与市场定位

· 香港:采用集中统一监管模式,由金融管理专员主导,支持锚定港元、美元等多法币的稳定币发行,以「风险为本」原则平衡金融稳定与创新,旨在打造国际化多元稳定币生态,强化香港作为国际金融中心的兼容性。

· 美国:推行分级监管(联邦与州协同),聚焦美元稳定币主导地位,要求市值超 100 亿美元的发行人纳入联邦监管,以「保护美元霸权 + 防控系统性风险」为核心,限制非美元稳定币合规性,凸显地缘战略考量。

监管严格度与市场影响

· 香港:设置 2500 万港元最低股本、 100% 高流动性储备资产、 72 小时强制赎回等严格要求,虽提升市场稳定性,但可能增加中小机构合规成本,短期内或抑制创新,但长期利于建立投资者信任。

· 美国:储备资产允许短期国债、回购协议等组合,投资灵活性较高,但对非美元稳定币限制严格;分级监管给予小型发行人州级监管选项,但可能导致监管标准不统一,执行复杂度较高。

消费者保护与国际协调

· 香港:强制持牌机构向零售投资者销售、规范广告发布,并通过临时牌照过渡期(6 个月)引导市场有序合规,消费者权益保护措施更直接。

· 美国:侧重储备资产月度披露和反洗钱要求,但消费者赎回权保障及信息披露频率(香港为定期审计,美国为每月公开)相对弱化,且需依赖联邦与州级监管协同,国际互认机制尚在探索(如与境外司法管辖区建立互惠安排)。

核心共识与行业影响(相同点):

· 监管共识:两者均要求稳定币储备资产 100% 覆盖流通量,禁止挪用或高风险投资,体现「相同活动、相同风险、相同监管」的国际原则。

· 行业影响:香港法案更有可能推动离岸人民币稳定币试点,从而成为人民币跨境支付的「数字桥梁」;美国法案则巩固美元在稳定币领域的主导地位,两者分别从「多元包容」与「美元中心」出发,塑造全球稳定币监管的不同范式。

总体而言,香港法案以「合规筑基 + 开放创新」吸引全球资本与多元稳定币项目,美国法案则以「美元主导 + 风险防控」维护本土金融霸权,两者的差异本质上反映了不同经济体在金融稳定、货币战略及创新包容度上的权衡。

各路观点

香港社区成员 GFF.eth(@GF 41536085):

5 月 19 日参议院程序性通过美国稳定币法案《GENIUS Act》,紧接着 5 月 21 日香港就通过稳定币法案,别管是不是就是纯表演走个流程,至少人民币国际化的一切流程的前置条件都打开了。稳定币就是金融核武器,现在发射前的各种前置保险都打开了,指纹,密码,虹膜,都解禁了。接下来就看决策者敢不敢按按钮了。到底敢不敢把人民币发在以太坊上了。如果搞了半天就发港币稳定币,那就个是笑话。港币实行联系汇率制度,就是美元稳定币,把美元稳定币再做成稳定币那真是瞎耽误工夫。

Gary Tiu:OSL 集团执行董事兼法规事务主管

OSL 集团积极参与香港稳定币政策制定讨论,见证并推动稳定币框架的成型。香港稳定币法案为行业发展设定了统一标准,有助于提升透明度与长期稳定性。

吴杰庄(@Johnny_nkc):中国政协委员、香港立法委员、香港 Web3 加密货币领导组负责人

香港推动加密稳定币使香港成为国际 Web3 金融中心,依托中国大陆 14 亿人口和红利,不仅推出港币稳定币还会推出离岸人民币稳定币和其它稳定币,拥抱加密货币、Web3、稳定币。今天法案通过率,这只是 Web3 基础设施的第一步,我希望与大家一起推动:一是创造应用场景 - 稳定币发行是第一步,最重要的是创造更多稳定币的应用场景。无论是实体零售、跨境贸易、交易对等,我认为有极大潜在空间和机会推动稳定币的落地。呼吁传统和实体场景的各行各业朋友,可以了解并拥抱稳定币,这将是重要的金融革新;再一个是完善稳定市场属性,包括向持有者释放稳定币利息。释放利息有助于增强稳定币的市场竞争力,也能释放诱因让更多人士参与,扩大整个稳定币的市场份额,从而助力稳定币发展。

华尔街见闻:

5 月 21 日香港特区立法会三读通过《稳定币条例草案》,标志着将稳定币这一虚拟资产正式纳入法治监管体系,同时美国政府也加紧推动稳定币立法,随着各主要金融中心都在建立自己的数字货币体系,确保货币在数字金融时代拥有更大货币控制权,这场「数字铸币权争夺战」可能才刚刚开始。

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