香港稳定币立法通过,京东等科技公司蓄势待发,人民币稳定币有望纳入体系

深潮Опубліковано о 2025-05-22Востаннє оновлено о 2025-05-22

香港监管机构已经就稳定币沙盒中的 3 家发行人的运行计划进行了一定的监管和测试。

撰文:Weilin,PANews

美国稳定币法案在参议院取得进展的同时,香港率先正式通过了稳定币的立法。

5 月 21 日,香港立法会通过《稳定币条例草案》,进一步确立在香港设立法币稳定币发行人的发牌制度,完善对虚拟资产活动在香港的监管框架,以保持金融稳定,同时推动金融创新。香港特区政府预计,该条例将于今年内生效。

目前,监管机构已经就沙盒中的 3 家发行人的运行计划进行了一定的监管和测试。《稳定币条例法案》委员会主席邱达根议员表示,支持推动建立锚定港币、人民币的稳定币,强化香港成为连接内地以及其他国家的数字桥梁,同时倡导政府灵活性发牌,加快审批进程。

三类稳定币相关活动须持牌,等额储备须为优质、高流动性资产

《稳定币条例草案》明确,以下三类活动需申请牌照:

1、在香港发行法币稳定币

2、在香港或香港以外发行港元稳定币

3、向香港公众积极推广其法币稳定币的发行

据《财新》援引沙盒参与机构「圆币科技」介绍,草案向发行人列出四个重要要求:一是储备方面,持牌人必须维持稳健的稳定币机制,确保稳定币的储备资产是由优质及具高流动性的资产(如资产可包括现金、银行存款、政府债券、回购协议、逆回购协议,和投资于上述资产的货币市场基金)组成,且任何时候都和流通的法币稳定币的面额相等,并妥善分隔和保管。

二是稳定币持有人有权向发行人按面额赎回稳定币,赎回要求必须不附带费用,且要在合理时间内处理。三是符合一系列有关打击洗钱、风险管理、披露以及审计适当人选的要求。四是必须在持牌虚拟资产交易平台进行交易。

草案显示,在发行人资质方面,规定持牌人须有足够财政资源及流动资产,其中要求持牌人的股本至少有 2500 万港元。牌照不设固定期限的有效期,也就是说,除非遭撤销,或者持牌人被清盘、撤销于香港公司登记处的注册资格,否则牌照持续有效。

为保障公众和投资者,草案规定,只容许指定的持牌机构在香港销售法币稳定币,而只有由持牌发行人所发行的法币稳定币才可销售给零售投资者。上述可以在香港销售稳定币的指定持牌机构包括:获金融管理专员发牌的稳定币发行人、银行、获香港证监会发出 1 号牌(证券交易)的机构,以及在香港持牌的虚拟资产交易平台。

为起到有效震慑作用,《条例草案》对违规行为设定了明确的惩罚规则。无牌进行受规管的稳定币活动:可处罚款 500 万港元及监禁七年;非指定持牌机构销售稳定币:可处罚款 500 万港元及监禁七年等。

三家稳定币机构已在沙盒,京东稳定币蓄势待发

香港特区政府早在 2022 年 10 月发表《有关香港虚拟资产发展的政策宣言》,阐述完善虚拟资产监管框架的决心。响应政策宣言,《打击洗钱及恐怖分子资金筹集条例》(第 615 章)(《打击洗钱条例》)于 2022 年 12 月作出修订,引入虚拟资产服务提供者发牌制度,以确保虚拟资产交易平台须遵从有关打击洗钱及恐怖分子资金筹集的国际规定,并保障投资者。继虚拟资产交易平台的发牌制度于 2023 年 6 月生效,香港正致力进一步完善虚拟资产活动的监管框架,包括引入法币稳定币发行人的发牌制度。

2023 年 12 月,香港便宣布拟订立新法例来实施法币稳定币发行人发牌制度。随后,监管沙盒于 2024 年 7 月 18 日批准三家机构参与测试,同年 12 月公布草案文本,并最终在 2025 年 5 月 21 日由立法会通过。

目前,香港金融管理局(金管局)已推出稳定币发行人沙盒,了解有意在香港发行法币稳定币的机构之业务模式,并向其传达监管期望及提供指引。首批共三家参与机构已于 2024 年 7 月 18 日获准进入沙盒。包括渣打香港、安拟集团(Animoca Brands)、香港电讯组成的团体,京东币链科技(香港),以及圆币创新科技。目前,监管机构已经就沙盒中的发行人的运行计划进行了一定的监管和测试。

值得一提的是,京东科技集团近期在发布多项 RWA 相关岗位招聘信息,明确要求产品设计需与京东稳定币和数字人民币实现无缝衔接。同时,京东科技集团还招聘一个岗位「海外金融商务拓展」,重点是推动稳定币业务的落地,这也意味着随着法案的落地,京东稳定币或已蓄势待发。

这一次,香港稳定币发行人的发牌制度正式生效后,对当时已在香港进行上述三项持牌活动的稳定币发行人设有 6 个月过渡期,让一些在法例生效前已存在的发行机构,于发牌制度生效后首 3 个月申请牌照。

参与全球稳定币竞争:有望发展人民币锚定稳定币,议员呼吁「灵活」发牌

就在立法会三读《稳定币条例草案》的同时,美国 GENIUS Act 稳定币法案的立法过程正在进行中,5 月 22 日,美国参议院以 69 票对 31 票通过就《GENIUS 法案》展开辩论的动议,标志着该稳定币监管法案正式进入修正案讨论阶段。此前终止辩论动议投票为 66 票通过。这有望成为美国第一个联邦级稳定币监管框架。

香港的稳定币条例草案在拟定过程,也参考了现有的稳定币监管条例和进行审议中的稳定币监管条例。

在立法会上,《稳定币条例草案》委员会主席邱达根议员表示,很高兴听到政府澄清除了是港元、美元之外,也会考虑把人民币纳入成为将来其中一种法定的稳定币的币种。

「我很支持把人民币纳入本地发行的稳定币体系,因为我们能够作为连接内地以及其他国家的数字桥梁,也可以透过人民币基础的稳定币吸引更多区块链项目以及机构投资者落户香港,形成以港元和人民币一起驱动的数字金融生态圈,进一步的强化香港金融枢纽的地位,另外也都可以加速人民币国际化的进程。」他表示,尤其是在全球去美元化的趋势下,未来人民币稳定必将可以成为很多国家,包括我们很多友好的一带一路、中东等国家,他们多元化贸易、投资以及储备的选择,也都有助提升人民币作为国际贸易以及避险的地位。

在发牌政策方面,邱达根议员呼吁政府应保持开放与灵活的心态,允许更多具备能力与资源的机构参与竞争。他表示,「我很希望政府可以考虑将来的牌照,持一个灵活的心态,给多一点的发行商能够在香港竞争,这是很正常的一个过程。就好像现在世界上其实有主要是两个稳定币,(占据了)大部分的交易,但是我们都是百花齐放,都是有很多就是经过了淘汰,而是形成了现在美元方面的两只稳定币的局面,所以我们希望将来在香港我们争取比如说是港元、人民币不同比重的稳定币都能够给多点人入场。

在他看来,只要发行人证明到在财政上是稳健的,有足够的监管能力,透过良性竞争,能够给香港有机会发展出一个国际通用、可能是美元以外的其他币种的稳定币市场,对香港的金融发展会有很大的意义以及影响。

邱达根议员呼吁,条例草案通过之后,希望金管局可以尽快开展发牌的工作推动以及吸引更多有兴趣、具备条件的潜在营运者,尽快在香港推出以及测试以不同币种、不同抵押品的稳定币。应用场景当然很重要,但是希望政府可以在审批要求或者是其他各方面保持灵活性,让不同的方案可以在香港测试。

随着虚拟资产交易平台及稳定币发行人监管制度的落实,香港金融管理局表示,政府会继续支持虚拟资产业界发展。政府接下来将就虚拟资产场外交易及托管服务展开咨询,并将发表第二份发展虚拟资产政策宣言。

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