矿机也是证券?复盘 Green United 案

深潮TechFlowОпубліковано о 2025-04-14Востаннє оновлено о 2025-04-14

Анотація

总之,加密市场的健康发展,离不开法律理性与技术逻辑的深度对话,加密资产证券定性的未来图景,正通过这样一个个案例徐徐展开。

Green United 的商业模式具有极强的迷惑性:一方面以硬件销售为幌子,另一方面通过托管协议将投资者深度绑定。
撰文:FinTax


1. 案件事实梳理:一场精心设计的加密骗局


2023 年,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)对加密公司 Green United LLC 发起了一场具有里程碑意义的诉讼,指控其通过销售名为「Green Boxes」的加密货币矿机实施大规模欺诈,涉案金额高达 1800 万美元。SEC 在诉状中明确要求:永久禁止被告参与涉嫌的证券交易及业务活动,没收其非法所得,并禁止 Krohn 和 Thurston 参与任何未注册的证券发行(包括加密资产证券)。根据 2024 年 9 月 23 日的判决,法官 Ann Marie McIff Allen 认定 SEC 已充分证明 Green Boxes 与托管协议结合构成证券,且被告通过虚假陈述制造投资回报假象,最终支持了 SEC 的处罚请求。这场骗局的核心在于构建了一个看似完美的投资陷阱:投资者支付 3000 美元购买矿机后,被告承诺每月可获得 100 美元收益,年化回报率高达 40%-100%。然而,真相远非如此美好:Green United 并未将矿机用于实际挖矿,而是通过购买未挖矿的「GREEN」通证伪装成收益,而最终这些通证因缺乏二级市场流动性而彻底失去价值。


Green United 的商业模式具有极强的迷惑性:一方面以硬件销售为幌子,另一方面通过托管协议将投资者深度绑定。根据协议,Green United 宣称将「完成所有工作」以实现预期回报,这种「承诺 + 控制」的模式成为案件争议的核心。2024 年 9 月,美国犹他州地区法院法官 Ann Marie McIff Allen 作出判决,认定矿机销售与托管协议结合构成证券交易,符合 1946 年 SEC 诉 W.J. Howey Co.案的投资合同定义。这一判决不仅推翻了被告关于「未涉及证券交易」的抗辩,还明确将加密矿机纳入证券监管范畴。


2. 争议焦点剖析:矿机交易何以被认定为证券?


2.1 Howey 测试的适用困境


美国最高法院在 Howey 案中确立的投资合同四要素包括:投入资金、共同事业、期望利润、利润来自他人努力。Green United 的辩护核心在于:强调矿机作为「终端用户自用商品」的属性,主张托管协议中的收益承诺属于商业激励而非证券发行,并不存在证券所需的共同事业。然而,本案中,法官 Allen 的裁决突破了传统认知,特别是其通过穿透式审查,认定控制权与收益来源的关联性已突破商品交易范畴,也即托管协议中的收益具有证券投资收益的性质,最终将矿机交易纳入共同事业范畴。这位法官的具体判断如下:

  1. 资金投入:投资者支付 3000 美元购买矿机,符合资金投入要素;
  2. 共同事业:投资者的收益并非来自矿机本身的挖矿能力,而是依赖于 Green United 对系统的控制与操作,形成了投资者与发起人之间的共同事业;
  3. 利润期望:40%-100% 的超高回报率承诺,远超正常商业投资回报,符合「期望利润」特征;
  4. 他人努力:Green United 承诺「完成所有工作」,投资者无需参与运营,利润完全依赖发起人努力。

2.2 法律专家的多元解读


尽管法院判决已定,但法律界对此案仍存在显著分歧。部分观点认为这是一种特定欺诈,如 Diaz Reus 律所合伙人 Ishmael Green 指出,SEC 的指控针对的是 Green United 的虚假宣传与托管协议设计,并非否定矿机销售本身,只要矿机以「终端用户自用」形式销售,仍可规避证券定性。更重要的是,这一裁决还引发了加密行业从业者和法律学者对 Howey 测试的激烈讨论。支持者认为,本案体现了 Howey 测试「实质重于形式」的核心要义——矿机虽为实物商品,但收益模式中发起人对系统的绝对控制权与利润的强关联性,已构成「共同事业」的实质特征。反对者则警示,若此逻辑成立,所有带有收益承诺的硬件销售(如企业销售设备时附赠利润分成条款)都可能被认定为证券,导致法律适用边界模糊。这种分歧本质上反映了加密资产监管面临的深层挑战:如何在保护投资者与鼓励技术创新之间寻求平衡?未来亟需通过司法判例进一步厘清标准,例如明确当商品销售附带收益承诺时,需同时满足「去中心化运营」(如用户可自主决定节点操作)和「风险共担」(如投资者需承担设备维护成本)等条件,方可排除证券属性。
2.3 其他加密资产证券定性案例参考
(1)Ripple 案:SEC 指控 Ripple 通过销售 XRP 融资属于发行未注册证券,法院根据 Howey 测试认定,面向机构投资者的 XRP 销售符合证券定义。具体而言,Ripple 通过宣传手册明确将 XRP 价值与自身发展绑定(如「Ripple 协议成为全球支付支柱将大幅提升 XRP 需求」),投资者购买行为构成对共同企业的资金投入,且利润预期完全依赖 Ripple 团队的技术开发与市场推广。而二级市场程序化销售因缺乏收益承诺和投资者与发行方的直接关联,未被认定为证券。此案首次明确交易场景对加密资产定性的决定性影响。


(2)Terraform 案:法院认定 UST 和 LUNA 符合证券定义,核心依据是「利润来自他人努力」标准。尽管 UST 采用算法稳定机制,但 Terraform 通过持续信息披露(如白皮书承诺「UST 与美元 1:1 锚定」)和创始人 Do Kwon 的公开站台,使投资者形成「利润源于 Terra 团队努力」的合理预期。法官特别指出,去中心化程度并非证券属性的排除标准——只要存在「发起人主导的营销与收益承诺」,即使资产交易完全通过智能合约执行,仍可能被纳入监管。


3. 加密资产证券定性的未来图景


Green United 通过托管协议将矿机收益异化为金融属性,使得投资者实质参与的是依赖发起人操作的「共同事业」,而非作为硬件的矿机本身。短期来看,该案对欺诈性包装加密项目的行为产生了一定的威慑,有利于维护加密资产投资者的利益;而从长期来看,本案有助于推动证券监管框架迭代。随着加密资产与智能合约等新技术和新概念的出现,传统的金融场景正发生翻天覆地的变化,简单套用 Howey 测试不再能够满足监管需要,而是应当动态考虑项目的具体形式,平衡技术创新和依法监管的关系。总之,加密市场的健康发展,离不开法律理性与技术逻辑的深度对话,加密资产证券定性的未来图景,正通过这样一个个案例徐徐展开。

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