下一代金融巨头将从代币革命中崛起

marsbitОпубліковано о 2024-10-15Востаннє оновлено о 2024-10-15

为什么说代币将引领下一波金融创新?

加密货币ETF今年取得了巨大成功。但根据《Web3:绘制互联网下一个经济和文化前沿》一书的作者亚历克斯·塔普斯科特(Alex Tapscott)的说法,加密领域的突破性创新是代币化。

在不到二十年的时间里,交易所交易基金(ETF)的管理资产从1万亿美元迅速增长到今天的超过10万亿美元,美银预计到2030年ETF市场将达到50万亿美元。投资者之所以被ETF吸引,是因为它们结合了共同基金的多元化优势与股票的流动性,且费用通常较低。

但这并不能完全解释它们的成功。

从本质上讲,ETF是一种金融技术,它使得普通投资者能够更容易地接触到曾经难以进入的资产类别和策略。这些类别包括市政债券、外国股票、股票期权、私人信贷等。通过降低进入门槛并增强灵活性,ETF从根本上改变了人们的投资方式。

ETF的成功不应让我们感到惊讶。历史上的金融创新往往遵循类似的轨迹——改善准入条件、减少摩擦并扩大选择,从而创造全新的市场。1924年,共同基金允许投资者将资金汇集起来投资于一组证券组合。1950年,首张信用卡——Diners Club卡,使消费者无需携带现金即可支付商品,进而催生了庞大的消费信贷市场。1975年,折扣经纪公司使普通投资者可以参与股票交易,而1990年代的在线银行和经纪公司则为行动不便或居住在偏远地区的人提供了更方便、更易接触的银行服务。

这些技术最初都是从小规模开始,并且花了一些时间才渗透到各自的市场中。

ETF最初被认为是小众产品,可能适合一些自己动手的投资者,但不适合顾问、交易员、机构、高净值个人或其他华尔街的主要参与者。

虽然ETF最初确实是以指数基金的形式出现,但如今大多数新发行的ETF是用于主动管理策略的。据贝莱德(BlackRock)称,2023年美国上市的ETF中,有76%是主动管理型ETF,同年全球ETF的资金流入中有21%是流入主动管理型ETF。该公司预计,到2030年,主动管理型ETF的管理资产将激增至4万亿美元,是当前9000亿美元的四倍多。

ETF市场的成功是克莱·克里斯坦森(Clay Christensen)“创新者的窘境”的一个例子。当新技术出现时,市场中的现有企业(在这里是传统的资产管理公司、银行和经纪公司)往往会慢慢接受它,从而让颠覆性的创新者获得了关键的领先优势。克里斯坦森认为,他们的立场是可以理解的。在投资领域,最不引人注目的客户最初是那些小型的DIY投资者。他们没有很多资金可供投资,对费用非常苛刻,因此很容易被忽视。

这种观点是短视的。现有企业错误估计了DIY投资者群体的潜在增长能力,正是因为ETF等技术创新(以及在线经纪公司)的出现。而且,他们低估了ETF可能具有的广泛吸引。

克里斯滕森说,不存在的市场是无法分析的。ETF创造了一个此前不存在的10万亿美元市场,新兴市场吞噬了旧市场。

代币与ETF类似,具有进一步推动金融民主化的潜力。然而,围绕代币存在许多误解和错误信息。通常,所有代币都被归类为“加密货币”,这很不幸,因为“加密货币”这个术语并不准确。事实上,许多代币(如果不是大多数)并不试图成为传统意义上的货币,即交易媒介、价值储存和记账单位。相反,代币最好被视为一种价值的容器。可以将它们类比为标准的集装箱,集装箱可以装载各种货物,从计算机到汽车零件,从土豆到罐装李子,以及介于两者之间的任何东西。

这些可编程的容器可以代表任何有价值的事物——股票、债券、艺术品、知识产权等——正如一个网站可以“编程”以包含各种在线信息一样,比如网上商店、社交媒体网站或政府登录页面。代币对于全球任何有互联网连接的人都是可访问的,且无需许多传统的中介机构。内嵌的技术(如智能合约)可以自动化处理曾由经纪人、交易所和转让代理处理的功能,减少摩擦和费用。

迄今为止,代币的第一个“杀手级应用”是美元。被称为稳定币的代币化美元,使用户能够以美元移动和储存价值,然后将这些美元投入到广泛的金融服务中,例如证券交易、将其存入借贷平台以获得贷款,或用它们投资于新创企业。目前,稳定币的流通供应量已超过1500亿美元,年支付处理量达数万亿。如今,数十亿人拥有了一种简单的方式来持有美元。这是一项突破。

与ETF类似,代币有潜力创造新市场(数十亿人目前尚未投资于金融市场),并使金融产品更加可访问和定制化(代币具有无限的可编程性)。随着银行和竞争对手努力适应这一新技术,早期采用者将有机会成为全球领导者。现有的金融机构别无选择,只能跟随或与推动金融前沿的人合作。

正如华尔街巨头贝莱德(BlackRock)、先锋(Vanguard)、道富(State Street)等公司凭借ETF成为行业巨头一样,下一代金融巨头将从代币革命中崛起。但他们是谁?目前已有一些竞争者,但感觉这场比赛仍然悬而未决,任何人都有机会胜出。

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