全球加密资产监管体制正在加速变革中,哪些动态应当关注?

深潮Опубліковано о 2024-08-21Востаннє оновлено о 2024-08-21

回顾事态变化,前瞻行业发展。

撰文:布噜

2024 年以来,全球多个国家都在加强对区块链数字资产领域的监管执法工作,主要监管事项覆盖打击利用数字资产的犯罪(如洗钱、欺诈等)和行业合规。

作为区块链数字资产发展的先锋地区和用户人数最多的市场,美国对区块链数字资产的监管变化影响着全球区块链数字资产的发展前景,本文汇总了美国 2024 年以来在区块链数字资产领域的重要执法案件;美国、欧盟和亚洲主要国家近年来在区块链数字资产领域重要的监管法规制定动态,读者可以通过回顾事态变化,前瞻行业发展。

美国

重点法案制定进展

▶ 美国财政部拟修订《银行保密法》

根据媒体报道,美国财政部于 2024 年 8 月 16 日发布的半年度监管议程指出,美联储理事会和金融犯罪执法网络计划修改《银行保密法》中「货币」的定义,以加强金融机构对境内和跨境加密资产交易的报告要求,扩展规则适用于数字资产、央行数字货币等。拟议修正案如能获批后可能于 2025 年 9 月发布。

▶ 美国众议院通过《21 世纪金融创新与技术法案》

2023 年 7 月 20 日,美国众议员 Glenn Thompson、French Hill、Dusty Johnson、Warren Davidson、Tom Emmer 等人提出了 H.R. 4763 号法案,即《21 世纪金融创新与技术法案》。美国众议院金融服务委员会主席 Patrick McHenry 是该法案的共同提案人。

2024 年 5 月 22 日,美国众议院在两党压倒性支持下通过了《21 世纪金融创新与技术法案》(Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act,下文简称 FIT21 法案),目前该法案正在由美国参议院审议。FIT21 法案建立了针对数字资产的监管框架,因此,此部法案的通过激起了区块链世界的广泛关注。

美国国会通过《区块链监管确定性法案》

2023 年 7 月 26 日,美国国会通过了一项由议员 Emmer 和 Soto 共同提出的《区块链监管确定性法案》(Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act,下文简称 BRCA 法案)。

BRCA 法案对包括「数字资产」「区块链开发者」「区块链服务」等区块链领域的重要术语进行了定义,明确了 Cryptocurrency 的法律地位属于「可以由个人独占和从人对人转移,而无需必要依赖于中介的任何形式的无形个人财产」,为美国对区块链数字资产的监管提供了确定性。

执法行动(2024 年 1 月迄今)

○ 2024 年 8 月 12 日,美国证券交易委员会发布公告宣布对 Cynthia、Eddy Petion 和其公司 NovaTech Ltd. 提出指控,指控他们从全球 20 多万名投资者处筹集了价值超过 6.5 亿美元的加密资产,涉嫌实施欺诈。美国证券交易委员会还指控 Martin Zizi、Dapilinu Dunbar、James Corbett、Corrie Sampson、John Garofano 和 Marsha Hadley 向投资者推销 NovaTech。

○ 2024 年 7 月 30 日,美国证券交易委员会发布公告宣布指控 Nader Al-Naji 实施了一项价值达到数百万美元的加密资产欺诈计划,欺诈内容包括一个名为 BitClout 的社交媒体平台和同名原生资产 BTCLT 。

○ 2024 年 7 月 1 日,美国证券交易委员会发布公告宣布指控 Consensys Software Inc. 公司的一项名为 MetaMask Staking 的服务涉嫌从事未经注册的证券发售和销售活动,且通过 MetaMask Staking 和另一项名为 MetaMask Swaps 的服务充当未经注册的证券经纪人

○ 2024 年 4 月 24 日,美国证券交易委员会发布公告宣布对总部位于德克萨斯州的加密资产挖掘和托管公司 Geosyn Mining, LLC 和其联合创始人 Caleb Ward 和 Jeremy McNutt 提起诉讼,指控他们参与未经注册的欺诈性证券发行。

○ 2024 年 3 月 14 日,美国证券交易委员会发布公告宣布指控 17 人参与了欺诈规模达到 3 亿美元的庞氏骗局,该骗局牵连总部位于德克萨斯州休斯顿的 CryptoFX LLC 公司,欺诈人群主要针对美国和其他两个国家约 4 万多名拉丁裔投资者。此前,美国证券交易委员会曾于 2022 年 9 月发起执法行动制止 CryptoFX 的骗局,并对其两名主要负责人 Mauricio Chavez 和 Giorgio Benvenuto 提起诉讼。

○ 2024 年 3 月 5 日,美国证券交易委员会指控 ShapeShift AG 公司在运营在线加密资产交易平台时充当了未注册的交易商。ShapeShift 同意支付 27.5 万美元的罚款。

○ 2024 年 2 月 7 日, 美国证券交易委员会宣布对总部位于佛罗里达州 Plantation 的 TradeStation Crypto, Inc. 提起诉讼,指控该公司未对向美国投资者提供和销售的加密借贷类产品进行登记,TradeStation 公司为此同意支付 150 万美元罚款。

○ 2024 年 2 月 2 日,美国证券交易委员会发布公告宣布 Brian Sewell 和 Rockwell Capital Management 公司同意就一项欺诈指控达成和解。此前,美国证券交易委员会曾对 Brian Sewell 开设在线加密资产交易课程发起欺诈指控,该欺诈计划使 15 名学生损失 120 万美元。

○ 2024 年 1 月 29 日,美国证券交易委员会指控 Xue Lee(又名 Sam Lee)和 Brenda Chunga(又名 Bitcoin Beautee)参与了一个名为 HyperFund 的欺诈性加密资产金字塔计划,该计划从全球投资者那里筹集了超过 17 亿美元。

欧盟

欧盟于 2023 年 5 月发布了全球首个区块链数字资产法规:《加密资产市场法规》(The Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation,下文简称 MiCA 法规)。MiCA 法规已于 2023 年 6 月生效,该法规包括大量二级和三级措施。

根据 MiCA 法规的要求,所有发行或交易区块链数字资产的公司都需要获得许可证方可运营。从 2026 年 1 月起,所有区块链数字资产服务商需要执行合规要求获得资产发送人和资产受益人的姓名。此外,任何持有超过 1000 欧元的自托管钱包在进行交易时都需要进行钱包所有权验证。

2024 年 6 月 30 日,MiCA 法规中的 Stable Coins 规则已生效,该规则限制 Stable Coins 每日进行超过 100 万笔的支付交易,或日交易额超过 2 亿欧元。Stable Coins 发行服务商需要获得许可方可在欧盟地区合法运营。

了解更多MiCA 法案生效进度和更多信息,请查阅: https://www.esma.europa.eu/esmas-activities/digital-finance-and-innovation/markets-crypto-assets-regulation-mica

亚洲国家

亚洲拥有大量的区块链数字资产用户,交易量也在全球处于领先地位,但亚洲各国对区块链数字资产的监管举措差异较大。

日本:对区块链数字资产交易持开放态度,允许公民拥有和交易区块链数字资产。近期,日本加强了区块链数字资产交易所之间开放客户信息的规定以应对洗钱问题。

韩国:一直积极针对区块链数字资产进行立法规范。2023 年韩国通过《虚拟资产用户保护法》,通过增加记录保存和透明度方面的要求,为用户提供了更有力的保护,2024 年 7 月 19 日该法案正式生效。

中国:全面禁止数字资产交易所服务、数字资产交易。2024 年 7 月 19 日,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合发布关于办理洗钱刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释,其中将通过「虚拟资产」交易明确列为洗钱方式之一。

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