通过“虚拟资产”交易 被列为洗钱方式之一

币界网Опубліковано о 2024-08-20Востаннє оновлено о 2024-08-20

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2024年8月19日,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合召开新闻发布会,发布《关于办理洗钱刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(下称《解释》)。《解释》自2024年8月20日起施行。

《解释》将通过“虚拟资产”交易列为洗钱方式之一,本文将对此作出解读——新规的发布将会对虚拟货币交易所产生的法律风险的影响有多大?

作者 | 邵诗巍律师

01

条文解读

洗钱罪规定在我国刑法第191条。根据法律规定可看出,洗钱罪的“上游犯罪”有7类,法定刑分为两档:5年以下,5~10年。

第一百九十一条【洗钱罪】为掩饰、隐瞒毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、走私犯罪、贪污贿赂犯罪、破坏金融管理秩序犯罪、金融诈骗犯罪的所得及其产生的收益的来源和性质,有下列行为之一的,没收实施以上犯罪的所得及其产生的收益,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金;情节严重的,处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金:

(一)提供资金帐户的;

(二)将财产转换为现金、金融票据、有价证券的;

(三)通过转帐或者其他支付结算方式转移资金的;

(四)跨境转移资产的;

(五)以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益的来源和性质的。

今日发布的《解释》第5条中,将通过“虚拟资产”交易列为掩饰隐瞒七类上游犯罪的洗钱行为方式之一。同时第6条也明确了法条竞合的处理方式:若同时构成洗钱罪和掩隐罪,以较重的洗钱罪定罪处罚。(掩隐罪的法定刑分为两档:3年以下,3-7年)

最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理洗钱刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释

第五条 为掩饰、隐瞒实施刑法第一百九十一条规定的上游犯罪的所得及其产生的收益的来源和性质,实施下列行为之一的,可以认定为刑法第一百九十一条第一款第五项规定的“以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益的来源和性质”:……(六)通过“虚拟资产”交易、金融资产兑换方式,转移、转换犯罪所得及其收益的;

第六条 掩饰、隐瞒刑法第一百九十一条规定的上游犯罪的犯罪所得及其产生的收益,构成刑法第一百九十一条规定的洗钱罪,同时又构成刑法第三百一十二条规定的掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪的,依照刑法第一百九十一条的规定定罪处罚。

02

《解释》的发布,加大了“虚拟资产”交易的法律风险

随着公安机关断卡行动的多年持续开展,犯罪分子为逃避打击,逐渐广泛使用具有去中心化、匿名性等特征的虚拟货币作为资金转移的工具。

根据知帆科技发布的《2022 年区块链与虚拟货币犯罪趋势研究报告》数据显示(下图),从案件数量来看,2022 年我国利用虚拟货币进行诈骗洗钱(指上游犯罪为各类型网络诈骗)的案件数量占总案件数量的 30.5%,位居首位,其余为网赌结算、传销、盗币、诈骗(直接诈骗虚拟币)、侵公等等。

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从此以往,U商将更难做了,普通人偶尔想出个币也可能会有很大的法律风险。买卖虚拟货币若收到了赃款,那就要看这个赃款的性质,如果收到的资金来源系洗钱罪中规定的7类上游犯罪,则为洗钱罪,如果收到的资金来源系洗钱罪中规定的7类上游犯罪以外的其他犯罪,则为掩隐罪。

由上述第一条中条文解读可看出,虚拟货币交易过程中若收到了赃款,可能会同时涉嫌洗钱罪和掩隐罪,在《解释》施行后,行为人将会以法定刑更重的洗钱罪进行定罪。

03

举2个例子说明定罪情形

又想到了此前看到的女硕士出U被判掩隐罪的案例,是一则内蒙古法院于2023年判决的案子((2023)内0602刑初203号)。

2022年,硕士研究生许某为了赚取差价,向他人出售了价值20万人民币的泰达币(2.7万U左右),使用自己银行卡收款后立即从银行柜台取现。经司法机关查证,有9.9余万元属于电诈资金。虽然其主张无罪,但最终,法院认定许某构成掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪,判处有期徒刑1年。

以上是买卖虚拟货币构成掩隐罪的案例,那出U在什么情形下会构成洗钱罪呢?

王某是某国有公司总经理,其利用职务便利,为xx公司签署买卖合同及资金结算方面提供帮助,并收取xx公司法人给付的现金200万。为了更好的隐匿财产,王某找人该现金换成了USDT。

在该案当中,王某利用职务便利为他人提供帮助,收受他人钱财的行为构成受贿罪,此后又将赃款换为虚拟货币,构成洗钱罪,故应以受贿罪、洗钱罪(自洗钱)两罪并罚。

若与王某交易的U商在明知或应知王某给付的款项是受贿款的情况下,U商也构成洗钱罪(他洗钱)

04

写在最后

据8月19日两高新闻发布会上介绍,最高检自2020年部署推进反洗钱工作以来,全国检察机关反洗钱工作措施有力,成效明显。2023年共起诉洗钱罪2971人,是2019年起诉洗钱罪人数的近20倍。2024年上半年起诉洗钱罪1391人,同比上升28.4%,对洗钱犯罪的打击力度持续加大[1]。

《解释》的发布意味着我国在打击洗钱犯罪方面采取了更为严格的措施,并将虚拟货币交易纳入了监管和法律规制的范畴。《解释》的发布提醒U商及普通人在虚拟货币交易过程中要更加谨慎,确保交易的合法性,避免无意中参与到洗钱等非法活动中。

[1] “两高”联合发布《关于办理洗钱刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》  https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/sED93XLSObKCkacTQmpZ_g

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