日本政府20万亿美元的套利交易终于爆炸了

币界网Опубліковано о 2024-08-05Востаннє оновлено о 2024-08-05

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来源:金十数据

去年年底,当日元套利交易的最新周期仍处于相对初期阶段时(当时美元兑日元低至140左右),有媒体解释了为什么日本经济实际上已经死亡,唯一缺少的是宣布死亡时间。原因是:日本政府过去40年一直参与的20万亿美元套利交易是一个巨大的定时炸弹,无法化解,一旦爆炸,日本央行就完蛋。这些交易的崩溃将要求央行在几天内协调救助行动。毫不奇怪,世界各国的央行对发生的事情一无所知,事后通常会陷入恐慌,并在几周内释放历史性的降息潮以稳定局势。

对于那些错过了上篇分析的人,本文再次提到这个话题,只是这次的分析认为,这一次套利交易已经破裂,日本央行要么无所作为,看着经济崩溃,要么恐慌性地逆转上周愚蠢的加息,并加大宽松政策力度以遏制刚刚将日经指数推入熊市的崩盘;然而,在任何情况下,对于日本来说,不幸的是游戏已经结束。

日本政府正在参与一场规模高达20万亿美元的套利交易:这是日本央行目前面临的有毒困境,因为它已经走到了尽头:一方面,如果日本央行决定有意收紧政策,这种交易将需要平仓。另一方面,如果日本央行拖延时间以继续进行套利交易,将需要更高水平的金融压制,但最终可能会带来严重的金融稳定风险,包括潜在的日元崩溃。

正如德意志银行首席外汇策略师Saravelos所说,“无论选择哪个选项,都将对日本人口的福利和分配产生巨大影响:如果套利交易解除,富裕和年长的家庭将通过实际利率上升来付出更高通胀的代价;如果日本央行迟迟不采取行动,更年轻、更贫穷的家庭将通过未来实际收入的下降付出代价。”

这个政治经济问题的解决方式将是理解未来几年日本政策展望的关键。这不仅将决定日元的走势,还将决定日本的新通胀均衡。然而,最终,有人将不得不承担通胀“成功”的成本。

债务的整合对于理解为什么日本在过去几十年中没有面临债务危机至关重要,尽管公共债务/GDP比率超过200%且持续上升。这也对理解日本央行紧缩对经济的影响至关重要。

日本政府的综合资产负债表是什么样子?以下是圣路易斯联储论文中的结果。在负债方面,日本政府主要通过低收益的日本政府债券(JGBs)和成本更低的银行准备金融资。在过去的十年里,日本央行已经成功地用更便宜的现金替换了一半的日本政府债券存量,现在这些现金由银行持有。

在资产方面,日本政府主要拥有贷款,例如通过财政投资贷款基金(FILF),以及外国资产,主要通过日本最大的养老基金(GPIF)。考虑到所有这些,日本政府的净债务占GDP的比例为120%,这是债务动态并没有像乍一看那样糟糕的原因之一

但更重要的是债务的资产负债结构。正如Saravelos所解释的那样,在大约500%的GDP或20万亿美元的总资产负债表价值下,日本政府的资产负债表简单地说就是一个巨大的套利交易。这正是为什么它能够维持不断增长的名义债务水平的关键所在。政府通过日本央行对国内存款人征收的非常低的实际利率来筹集资金,同时在更高利率的国内外资产上获得更高的回报。

随着回报差距的扩大,这为日本政府创造了额外的财政空间。至关重要的是,这笔资金中有三分之一现在实际上是隔夜现金:如果日本央行提高利率,政府将不得不开始向所有银行支付资金,而套利交易的盈利能力将迅速开始逆转。

鉴于全球固定收益市场的大规模抛售,为什么这种套利交易在过去几年里没有爆炸?其他人都退出了套利交易,为什么日本没有?答案很简单:在负债方面,日本央行控制着政府的融资成本,尽管通胀上升,但这一成本一直保持在零(甚至负值)。在资产方面,日本政府受益于日元大幅贬值,提高了其外国资产的价值。这一点在GPIF上表现得尤为明显,过去几年的累计回报超过了过去二十年的总和。

日本政府从套利交易的外汇和固定收益两方面获得了回报。然而,受益的不仅仅是日本政府。下降的实际利率使日本的每位资产所有者受益,主要是年长的富裕家庭。人们经常声称,老龄化人口受低通胀的影响较好。事实上,在日本情况恰恰相反:通过实际利率的事实性降低和他们拥有的资产价值增加,年长家庭已被证明是通胀上升的更大受益者。

什么会迫使这种套利交易解除?简单的答案是持续的通胀。想象一下,如果通胀要求日本央行加息会发生什么:政府资产负债表的负债方将受到巨大打击,因为银行准备金的利息支出增加,日本国债的价值下降。资产方也会受到影响,因为实际利率上升,日元升值导致净外国资产和潜在的国内资产损失。富裕的老年家庭也会受到类似的打击:他们的资产价值将下降,而政府资金支持养老金权益的能力也会减弱。另一方面,年轻家庭会受益。他们不仅会在存款上赚更多钱,未来储蓄流的实际回报率也会提高。

政府有没有办法防止更高通胀带来的痛苦和必要的财政整顿,特别是对老年家庭?实际上只有三种选择:对年轻家庭征税、防止实际利率上升、不支付银行利息。这些选项都不具有长期可持续性。所有这些选项都会导致巨大的社会动荡和政治不稳定。

过去几年来,极度宽松的货币政策在日本政治经济学的角度来看相对简单:实际利率下降,财政空间改善,收入再分配有利于富裕的老年选民。然而,如果日本确实正在迈入一个结构性通胀率更高的新阶段,未来的选择将变得更加困难。 调整到更高的通胀均衡将需要提高实际利率和更大的财政整顿,反过来会对年长和更富有的选民造成更大的伤害,除非对年轻选民征税。虽然这种调整可以推迟,但代价将是未来更大的金融不稳定,以及更弱的日元。日元只有在日本政府通过日本央行的加息被迫解除世界上最后一个大规模套利交易时,才能开始持续上升的趋势,这种套利交易使日本享受了一段怪异的社会和政治平静时期。然而,那些日子即将结束。

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