对香港稳定币监管及未来发展的思考:拓展港元/离岸人民币稳定币场景

深潮Опубліковано о 2024-07-23Востаннє оновлено о 2024-07-23

本文将重点探讨香港最新稳定币监管框架的特征及优势,以及未来发展的潜在挑战与机遇。

作者:蒋照生,欧科云链研究院资深研究员

日前,香港财库局与金管局就稳定币监管的立法建议日前联合发布咨询总结,表示将根据市场意见及建议,敲定立法建议以实施监管制度,并尽快向立法会提交条例草案。香港也将因此成为全球首批对稳定币发行人施加监管的地区之一。

稳定币不仅是虚拟资产与 Web3 市场的重要分支,更凭借价值稳定性和交易便捷性逐渐成为被广泛接受的支付方式,和连接传统金融与加密市场最重要的“桥梁”。随着 Web3 合规进程加速,各国也在积极推进本土稳定币监管及发展,稳定币市场格局或将迎来变革。在此背景下,本文将重点探讨香港最新稳定币监管框架的特征及优势,以及未来发展的潜在挑战与机遇。

香港稳定币监管对国际发行人相对友好

在近期发布的咨询总结中,金管局就此前某些存在争议或措辞模糊的问题进行了回应,并对稳定币稳定机制、储备资产构成及投资限制、赎回要求及业务活动限制等核心问题给出了更恰当的指引。与欧盟、日本和新加坡等相比,尽管咨询总结中透露的监管框架在某些方面(如财政资源要求)有着更严格的要求,但在确保监管有效性和引领性的同时,依旧保持了较大灵活性与开放性,以力求在有效的投资者保护和为潜在发行人提供更大创新空间之间取得平衡。

在拟议框架下,香港对 USDT/USDC 等国际发行人的友好度成为热议话题。全球稳定币市值近年来持续攀升,日前突破 1600 亿美元大关,其中 USDT/USDC 市值占比更是超过 9 成,绝大多数加密交易都是通过这两种稳定币完成,可见其重要程度。如果监管将这些国际发行人挡在香港之外,对本地虚拟资产行业的影响可能是巨大的。

但从咨询总结文件来看,笔者认为香港即将推行的稳定币监管框架总体上对国际发行人是相对友好的,较此前提出了更多开放且灵活的举措,国际发行人的潜在负担应有所缓解。例如,监管框架并未限制法币稳定币的锚定货币类型,也对法币稳定币储备资产存放于其他地区持开放态度等。这些说明香港充分考虑到了稳定币的全球化属性,并愿意在一定范围内吸引更多相对成熟的国际发行人来港申领牌照。考虑到香港对虚拟资产的政策友好度及连续性,以及香港在环球金融市场上的重要性,笔者相信香港的稳定币发行人牌照对很多国际发行人而言是具备一定吸引力的。

中小型机构或难以直接参与稳定币发行

除了 USDT/USDC 等相对成熟的国际发行人,香港发行稳定币需要更多本土机构参与其中。从咨询总结中对发行人的资金、技术及运营能力要求看,香港稳定币市场的主要参与者将是银行和大型科技/金融机构,中小型机构直接参与稳定币发行的可能性并不大。金管局日前公布的稳定币发行人“沙盒”参与者名单已在一定程度上证明了这点。

尽管咨询总结调整了对发行人的财政资源要求,将最低缴足股本要求由原先的“稳定币流通量的 2% 或 2,500 万港元”调整为“稳定币流通量的 1% 或 2,500 万港元”,但对于很多中小机构而言仍存在较大资金压力。此外,稳定币发行人需要在任何时候维持全额储备,这对企业的资金管理和流动性也提出了更高要求。

为遵循严格的发牌条件和持续的合规要求,企业可能还需要对现有系统和风控流程进行大量调整,确保其技术能力足以防范和应对稳定币发行及运营过程中的潜在技术和安全风险。可预期的是,尽管法币稳定币关注度很高,此前参与建言的机构数量也很多,但最终申牌并发行的机构并不会太多。

在可能的稳定币发行人中,商业银行最值得关注。与当前由非银机构主导的稳定币应用集中在虚拟资产领域不同,由商业银行推出的稳定币或将探索更多集成应用场景,将稳定币用途拓展至更大的数字生态中,这对整个稳定币体系来说都至关重要。而对于商业银行自身而言,相较于其他虚拟资产及 Web3 方向,稳定币是最契合银行业务本质,并且具有清晰的切入路径。

出入金通道是加密生态中最值得开发也最易沉淀价值的场景之一,而稳定币是目前构建出入金通道必不可少的基础设施。商业银行发行的稳定币不仅能为更多合规的虚拟资产机构提供交易结算服务,还能逐步为个人客户提供稳定币服务。即便短期由于合规成本未能大规模开展业务,商业银行发行稳定币的举措也能带来巨大的品牌宣传效应,和逐步改善客户结构的机会。更何况,发行稳定币本身已被证明存在巨大盈利空间。

场景是香港建立稳定币优势的最大挑战

除合规成本和技术挑战外,申牌成功并发行之后如何为法币稳定币找到合适应用场景或将成为对发行人最大的挑战。稳定币只有流动起来才有发挥价值,才能成为香港虚拟资产及 Web3 行业的基础设施。如果没有足够的应用场景支撑,只是简单复制已有的美元稳定币商业模式,香港的稳定币或将难以建立竞争优势。纵观目前香港虚拟资产及 Web3 市场的发展方向,RWA 代币化将是香港稳定币发力的重要领域,大湾区乃至更广泛地区的跨境贸易与支付业务也将成为香港稳定币必须争取的赛道。

此外,虽然咨询总结并未限制在香港发行稳定币所需锚定的法币种类,但在香港发行美元稳定币的实际意义并不大,笔者认为本地发行人应以港元/离岸人民币为主要计价货币发行稳定币,从而促进以港元和离岸人民币支付结算的业态发展,将 Web3 创新所带来的资金、流量和人才真正留在香港。

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