V神长文:在大选中按加密立场“选边站”?我反对…

比推Опубліковано о 2024-07-17Востаннє оновлено о 2024-07-17

作者:Vitalik Buterin

原标题:Against choosing your political allegiances based on who is "pro-crypto"

编译:比推BitpushNews Mary Liu


在过去的几年里,“加密货币”已经成为政治政策中越来越重要的话题,不同的司法管辖区都在考虑出台法案,以各种方式规范各种参与者从事区块链业务。这包括欧盟的加密资产市场监管 (MiCA) 、英国对稳定币的监管努力,以及我们在美国看到的美国证券交易委员会 (SEC) 复杂的立法和执法尝试。

在我看来,这些法案中的许多都是合理的,尽管有人担心政府会尝试采取极端措施,比如将几乎所有代币都视为证券或禁止自托管钱包。在这些担忧之后,加密议题的权重占比在政治领域中越来越大,人们几乎完全根据政党和候选人是否愿意对“加密货币”宽容和友好来支持他们。

本文想说的是,我反对这种趋势,特别是我认为以这种方式做出的决定很有可能违背最初将你带入加密领域的价值观。

image.png

2018 年我与弗拉基米尔·普京坐在一起。当时,俄罗斯政府中的许多人都表示愿意“对加密货币持开放态度”。

“加密”不仅仅是加密货币和区块链

在加密领域,人们往往倾向于过度关注“金钱”的中心地位,以及持有和消费金钱(或者,如果你愿意的话,也可以是“代币”)的自由,将其作为次重要的政治问题。

我同意这里有一场重要的战斗:为了在现代世界中做任何重要的事情,你需要钱,因此,如果你可以阻止任何人获得金钱,你就可以任意压制你的政治反对派。私下花钱的权利同样重要,这是Zooko WilcoxZcash 首席执行官兼创始人 )孜孜不倦倡导的事业。发行代币的能力可以大大增强人们创建真正拥有集体经济实力并采取行动的数字组织的能力。但“只关注”加密货币和区块链是不可持续的,而且重要的是,它并不是最初创造加密的意识形态。

最初创造加密技术的是密码朋克运动,这是一种更广泛的技术自由主义精神,主张以自由开放的技术作为保护和增强个人自由的一种方式。早在 2000 年代,主要主题就是抵制限制性版权立法,该立法由企业游说组织(例如 RIAA和MPAA )推动,互联网将其称为“ MAFIAA ”。一个引起强烈公愤的著名法律案件是Capitol Records, Inc. 诉 Thomas-Rasset 案,被告因通过文件共享网络非法下载 24 首歌曲而被迫支付 222,000 美元的赔偿金,种子网络、加密和互联网匿名化成为这场斗争的主要武器,也让我们很早就了解了关于去中心化的重要性。

正如 Satoshi 发表的极少数公开政治声明之一所解释的那样(在此省略了对系统易受武力垄断影响的冗长阐述):

“你不会在密码学中找到解决政治问题的办法。

是的,但是我们可以在军备竞赛中赢得一场大战,并在几年内获得一片新的自由领土。

政府擅长切断 Napster 等集中控制网络的领导,但 Gnutella 和 Tor 等纯 P2P 网络似乎还能保持自己的地位”。

比特币被视为这种精神在互联网支付领域的延伸。甚至还有早期的“再生文化”:比特币是一种极其简单的在线支付方式,因此它可以用来组织方式来补偿艺术家的作品,而无需依赖严格的版权法。我自己也参与其中:2011 年,当我为《Bitcoin Weekly》撰写文章时,我开发了一种机制,我们会发布我撰写的两篇新文章的第一段,而将其余部分“作为赎金”,当向公共地址捐款总额达到指定数量的 BTC 时,我们再发布内容。

所有这些的目的在于将最初创建区块链和加密货币的心态置于特定背景中:自由很重要,去中心化网络擅长保护自由,金钱是这种网络可以应用的重要领域——但它只是几个重要领域中的一个。事实上,还有几个更重要的领域根本不需要去中心化网络:相反,你只需要正确应用加密技术和一对一通信。支付自由是所有其他自由的核心这一观点是后来才出现的——愤世嫉俗者可能会说,这是一种为了证明“数字上升”而追溯形成的意识形态。

我可以想到至少一些其他技术自由,它们与使用加密代币的自由一样“基础”:

  • 通信自由和隐私:这包括加密消息和匿名。零知识证明可以在确保重要真实性声明的同时保护匿名(例如,消息是由真人发送的),因此支持零知识证明的用例在这里也很重要。

  • 自由和隐私友好的数字身份:这个领域已经有一些区块链应用程序了,最值得关注的是允许撤销和以分散的方式“证明否定”的各种用例,但实际上哈希、签名和零知识证明的使用要多十倍。

  • 思想自由和隐私:随着越来越多的活动更加深入地通过人工智能交互进行调解,这一问题将在未来几十年变得越来越重要。除非发生重大变化,否则默认路径是,我们越来越多的思想将直接由中心化人工智能公司持有的服务器进行调解和阅读。

  • 高质量的信息获取:社交技术可帮助人们在对抗环境中对重要主题形成高质量的意见。我个人看好预测市场和社区笔记;您可能对解决方案有不同的看法,但重点是这个主题很重要。

以上所列的只是技术。激励人们构建和参与区块链应用的目标通常也有技术之外的含义:如果你关心自由,你可能希望政府尊重你拥有你想要的家庭的自由。如果你关心建立更高效和公平的经济体,你可能希望看看这对房地产的影响,等等。

我的基本观点是:如果你愿意读完这篇文章的第一段,那么你参与加密货币并不是因为它是加密货币,而是因为有更深层次的根本目标。不要只支持加密货币本身,而要支持那些根本目标,以及它们所隐含的整套政策含义。

至少截至今天为止,当前的“支持加密”举措并不这样认为:

截屏2024-07-17 下午2.46.34.png

StandWithCrypto跟踪的“key bills” 。它完全没有试图评判政治家在密码学和加密货币之外的技术方面的自由。

如果一位政客支持你的货币交易自由,但他们对上述话题只字未提,那么他们支持货币交易自由的根本思维过程与我的(也可能是你的)截然不同。这反过来意味着,他们很可能会在你未来关心的问题上得出与你不同的结论,这种风险很高。

加密与国际主义

image.png

以太坊节点图,来源ethernodes.org

我和许多密码朋克一直珍视的一个社会和政治事业是国际主义(internationalism)

国际主义一直是国家平等主义政治的一个关键盲点:他们制定各种限制性经济政策,试图在国内“保护工人”,但他们往往很少或根本不关注这样一个事实:全球三分之二的不平等是国家之间而不是国家内部的。最近一种保护国内工人的流行策略是关税;但不幸的是,即使关税成功实现了这一目标,它们往往是以牺牲其他国家工人的利益为代价的。

互联网的出现解决了一个关键方面:理论上,它不区分最富有的国家和最贫穷的国家。一旦我们达到世界各地大多数人都拥有基本互联网接入标准的地步,我们就可以拥有一个更加平等的全球化数字社会。加密货币将这些理想延伸到金钱和经济互动的世界。这有可能极大地促进全球经济的扁平化,我个人已经看到了很多已经实现的案例。

但如果我关心“加密”是因为它有利于国际主义,那么我也应该根据政治家及其政策对外部世界的关心程度来评判他们。我不会列举具体的例子,但应该清楚的是,他们中的许多人都没有达到这个标准。

有时,这甚至与“加密行业”有关。最近参加 EthCC 时,我收到了多位朋友的消息,他们告诉我,他们无法前来,因为获得申根签证变得更加困难。在决定Devcon等活动的举办地点时,签证的可获得性是一个关键问题;美国在这方面属于非常不友好的。加密行业是独一无二的国际化行业,因此移民法也是加密法的一部分,请问哪些政客和哪些国家认识到了这一点?

现在对加密货币友好不等于五年后也对加密货币友好

如果你发现某位政客对加密货币持友好态度,你可以做的一件事就是查看他们五年前对加密货币本身的看法。

同样,查看他们五年前对加密信息等相关主题的看法。特别是,尝试找到一个“支持自由”与“支持公司”不一致的话题;21 世纪的版权战争就是一个很好的例子。这可以很好地指导他们的观点在未来五年可能发生什么样的变化。

去中心化与加速之间的分歧

出现分歧的一种方式是,如果去中心化(decentralization)和加速(acceleration)的目标出现分歧。去年,我做了一系列民意调查,主要是询问人们在人工智能的背景下,他们更看重这两者中的哪一个。结果显然有利于前者:

image.png

通常,监管对去中心化和加速都是有害的:它使行业更加集中,并减缓其发展速度。许多最有害的加密监管(“强制 KYC 一切”)肯定是朝着这个方向发展的。然而,这些目标总是有可能出现分歧。对于人工智能来说,这可能已经发生了。以去中心化为中心的人工智能战略专注于在消费硬件上运行的较小模型,避免隐私和集中控制的反乌托邦,在这种反乌托邦中,所有人工智能都依赖于可以看到我们所有行为的集中式服务器,而这些服务器运营商的偏见会以我们无法逃脱的方式塑造人工智能的输出。以较小模型为中心的战略的一个优势是它更有利于人工智能安全,因为较小的模型本质上在能力上更有限制,更有可能更像工具,而不像独立的代理。与此同时,以加速为中心的人工智能战略对一切都充满热情,从运行在微型芯片上的最小微模型到Sam Altman 梦想中的7 万亿美元模型。

据我所知,在加密货币领域,我们还没有看到如此大的分歧,但有朝一日,我们很有可能会看到这种分歧。如果你今天看到一位“支持加密货币”的政客,就值得探索一下他们的潜在价值观,看看如果真的发生冲突,他们会优先考虑哪一方。

“加密货币友好型”对独裁者来说意味着什么

独裁政府普遍存在一种“加密货币友好”的作风,值得警惕。不出所料,最好的例子就是俄罗斯。

俄罗斯政府最近关于加密货币的政策非常简单,包括两个方面:

  • 当我们使用加密时,它可以帮助我们避免其他人的限制,这很好。

  • 当你使用加密货币时,我们就更难限制或监视你,或者因为向乌克兰捐赠 30 美元而将你关进监狱 9 年,很糟糕。

以下是俄罗斯政府各类行动的示例:

截屏2024-07-17 下午3.08.16.png

另一个重要结论是,如果一位政客今天支持加密货币,但他们要么是那种非常追求权力的人,要么是愿意奉承那些追求权力的人,那么这就是他们十年后对加密货币的倡导方向。

如果他们或他们奉承的人真的巩固了权力,那么这几乎肯定会发生。另外,请注意,为了“帮助他们变得更好”而与危险行为者往来密切的策略往往会适得其反。

如果你说:但我喜欢 [某政客] 是因为他们的整个平台和观点,而不仅仅是因为他们支持加密货币!那么我为什么不应该对他们的加密货币立场充满热情呢?

政治游戏远比“谁赢得下届选举”复杂得多,你的言行会影响很多因素。特别是,通过公开给人留下你支持“支持加密货币”候选人的印象,仅仅因为他们是“支持加密货币”的,你正在帮助培养一个所谓的“激励梯度”,这会让政客们感觉,他们获得你的支持所需要的只是支持“加密货币”他们所要做的就是确保你可以轻松地交易代币,而无论他们是否也支持禁止加密消息,是否是追求权力的自大者,或者是否推动法案让你的中国或印度朋友更难参加下一次加密货币会议……

image.png

“在牢房里玩金币”,本地运行的 StableDiffusion 3

无论您是准备捐赠数百万美元的人,还是拥有数百万 Twitter 粉丝准备施加影响的人,或者只是一个普通人,您都可以帮助制定更值得尊敬的激励梯度。

如果一位政客支持加密货币,那么关键问题是:他们支持加密货币的理由是否正确?

他们是否对 21 世纪技术、政治和经济的发展有着与你相同的愿景?他们是否拥有良好的积极愿景,并超越了“粉碎其他坏人”等短期担忧?

如果他们是,那太好了:你应该支持他们,并明确表示这就是你支持他们的原因。

如果不是,那么要么完全置身事外,要么找到更好的力量来结盟。


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