Bitlayer Research:OP-DLC 2大道至简

Odaily星球日报Опубліковано о 2024-06-03Востаннє оновлено о 2024-06-03

Анотація

OP-DLC将乐观挑战机制引入到CET中,确保错误的CET不被结算,且相应的恶意预言机损失质押;确保正确的CET被执行,且预言机质押解锁并获得手续费。该方式能够抵抗任意攻击,具有简单美。

原文标题:《Bitlayer Core Technology: DLC and Its Optimization Considerations》

原文作者:mutourend & lynndell, Bitlayer Research Group

Bitlayer Research:OP-DLC 2大道至简

1.引言

Discreet Log Contract (DLC) 是由麻省理工学院的 Tadge Dryja 在 2018 年提出的一种基于预言机的合约执行框架。DLC 允许两方根据预定义的条件进行有条件支付。双方预先确定可能的结果并进行预签名,并在预言机签署结果时使用这些预签名来执行支付。因此,DLC 在保证比特币存款安全的同时,实现了新的去中心化金融应用。

上一篇文章《DLC 原理解析及其优化思考》总结了 DLC 在隐私保护、复杂合约、资产风险低等方面的优势,也分析了 DLC 存在密钥风险、去中心化信任风险、串谋风险等问题,并将去中心化预言机、门限签名、乐观挑战机制等引入 DLC,解决其应面临的各种问题。由于 DLC 中涉及预言机、Alice 和 Bob 三个参与方,不同参与方之间串谋攻击穷举是相对复杂的,导致预防策略也是相对复杂度的。复杂的防御策略不是完美的,不符合大道至简,缺少简洁美。

在比特币中,任意参与方的任意行为均需要通过 UTXO 实现。因此,使用共识机制确保 UTXO 正确,则能够抵抗任意攻击。类似,在 DLC 中,任意参与方的任意行为均需要通过 CET(Contract Execution Transaction)实现。因此,使用乐观挑战机制确保 CET 正确,则能够抵抗任意攻击。具体而言,预言机质押2B TC 后,则能够签署 CET。在 CET 中添加乐观挑战机制。如果 CET 不被挑战,或成功应对挑战,则 CET 正确,能够完成结算,预言机解除质押且获得手续费;如果 Oracle 试图作恶,则任何人都可成功挑战,该 CET 将无法结算,预言机损失质押金且该预言机无法再对同一 CET 签名。符合大道至简,具有简洁美。

2.DLC 原理

Alice 和 Bob 签署对赌协议:投注第ξ个区块的哈希值是奇数或偶数。如果是奇数,则 Alice 赢得游戏,可提取资产;如果是偶数,则 Bob 赢得游戏,可提取资产。使用 DLC,通过预言机传递第ξ个区块信息构造条件签名使得正确的获胜方赢得所有资产。

椭圆曲线生成元为 G,阶为 q。预言机、Alice 和 Bob 各自的密钥对分别为(z, Z), (x, X), (y, Y)。

注资交易(链上): Alice 和 Bob 一起创建一笔注资交易,各自将 10 BTC 锁在一个 2-of-2 的多签输出(一个公钥 X 属于 Alice,一个公钥 Y 属于 Bob)。

构建 CET(链下):Alice 和 Bob 创建 CET 1 和 CET 2 ,用于花费注资交易。

预言机计算承诺 R = k · G,然后计算 S 和 S'

S := R - hash(OddNumber, R) · Z

S' := R - hash(EvenNumber, R) · Z

则 Alice 和 Bob 对应的新公钥如下:

PK^{Alice} := X + S

PK^{Bob} := Y + S'.

结算(链下->链上):当第ξ个区块成功生成,则预言机根据该区块的哈希值,签署对应的 CET 1 或 CET 2 。

如果哈希为奇数,则预言机如下签署 s

s := k - hash(OddNumber, R) z

广播 CET 1 。

如果哈希为偶数,则预言机签署 s'

s' := k - hash(EvenNumber, R) z

广播 CET 2 。

提币(链上):如果预言机广播 CET 1 ,则 Alice 可以计算出新私钥,并花费锁定的 20 个 BTC

sk^{Alice} = x + s

如果预言机广播 CET 2 ,则 Bob 可以计算出新私钥,并花费锁定的 20 个 BTC

sk^{Bob} = y + s'

Bitlayer 研究组发现:上述过程中,任意行为均需要通过 CET 实现。因此,仅需要使用乐观挑战机制确保 CET 正确,则能够抵抗任意攻击。错误的 CET 会被挑战,不被执行,而正确的 CET 会被执行。此外,预言机需要为恶意行为付出代价即可。

待挑战程序为 f(t),则应该如下构建 CET

s = k - hash(f(t), R) z.

假设,真实情况为第ξ个区块的哈希值是奇数 odd,即 f(ξ) = OddNumber,预言机应该签署 CET 1 

s := k - hash(OddNumber, R) z.

但是,预言机作恶,将函数值修改为 Even,签署了 CET 2 :

s' := k - hash(EvenNumber, R) z.

因此,任意用户均可根据 f(ξ) ≠ OddNumber.挫败该恶意行为。

3.OP-DLC 2 

OP-DLC 包括以下 5 个规定:

  • 预言机由一个联盟组成,联盟中有 n 个参与方,任意成员之一均可签署 CET。质押2B TC,预言机才能发布签名赚手续费。如果某个成员作恶,则损失质押。其他成员可继续签署 CET,确保用户能够出金。Alice 和 Bob 也可成为预言机,可真正的做到只相信自己,信任最小化。

  • 如果预言机作恶,修改结果,则必然导致 f 1(ξ) ≠ z 1, f 2(z 1) ≠ z 2 的情况出现。因此,任意参与方均可发起挑战,即进行 Disprove-CET 1 交易。

  • 如果预言机诚实签署 CET,则任意参与方均不能发起有效的 Disprove 交易。1 周后,CET 可正确结算。此外,预言机获得 0.05 BTC 奖励,作为其质押的2B TC 1 周资金占用以及诚实签署 CET 的手续费。

  • 任意参与方均能够对 Oracle_sign 发起挑战:

    若 Oracle_sign 诚实,则无法发起 Disprove-CET 1 交易, 1 周后执行 CET 结算。此外,预言机质押解锁,并获得手续费;

    若 Oracle_sign 不诚实,即任何人成功发起了 Disprove-CET 1 交易,成功花费了 connector A output,则该预言机的该签名无效,损失所质押的2B TC,且未来该预言机均不可再对该 DLC 合约发起相同结果的签名,因依赖该 connector A output 的 Settle-CET 1 将永久失效。

  • OP-DLC 中的挑战是 Permissionless 的,即任意参与方均可监督 OP-DLC 内的合约是否正确执行。因此,实现了对预言机的信任最小化。与闪电网络相比,Alice 和 Bob 也可离线。因为预言机只有诚实签名才会结算 CET,而作恶的预言机会被被任何人挑战和惩罚。

Bitlayer Research:OP-DLC 2大道至简

优点:

  • 对资产控制度高,只信任自己:Alice 和 Bob 均可以成为预言机,签署 CET。乐观挑战机制会挫败错误的 CET,所以无法作恶。因此,OP-DLC 可做到用户只相信自己。在 BitVM 中,用户需要作为 Operator,并必须参与后续所有的入金,才能做到只信任自己。如果用户作为 Operator 只参与 BitVM 单个 UTXO 入金,该 UTXO 可被任意其它(n-1)个 Operator 合法报销,则该用户未来的出金,将仍需信任其它 Operator 会垫付。BitVM Operator 的报销权限锁定在各单个入金 UTXO 上。

  • 资金利用率高:若用户只信任自己,需要的资金量不一样。OP-DLC 中用户依赖自己出金,不需要用等量资金垫付;而 BitVM 中,用户需要等量资金垫付,然后报销。这带来了更大的资金压力。

  • 能签字的预言机需在 OP-DLC 入金时确定,但用户自己也可成为预言机,可自己给自己签。

缺点:

  • 出金时间需 1 周:本质上 OP-DLC 和 BitVM 的资金时间成本都是存在且等量的。OP-DLC 出金需经过挑战期才能拿到资金;如果 BitVM 依赖用户自己垫付,则等量垫付资金也需经过挑战期才能成功报销。如果 BitVM 依赖其它 Operator 垫付快速出金,则意味着需给 Operator 等量资金的资金时间成本作为手续费。

  • 需要预签的签名数量增长较快,与 CET 数量呈线性关系。需要尽可能多的 CET,才能枚举所有的提币结果。

4.结论

OP-DLC 将乐观挑战机制引入到 CET 中,确保错误的 CET 不被结算,且相应的恶意预言机损失质押;确保正确的 CET 被执行,且预言机质押解锁并获得手续费。该方式能够抵抗任意攻击,具有简单美。

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