a16z合伙人:抑制区块链的「赌场文化」,将价值返还给网络参与者

Odaily星球日报Опубліковано о 2024-02-01Востаннє оновлено о 2024-02-01

Анотація

区块链实现了技术突破,打破了传统网络的模式,为创新开辟了新的可能性。

原文作者:STANFORD BLOCKCHAIN CLUB

原文编译:深潮 TechFlow

A16z 合伙人 Chris Dixon 在本文中将区块链置于互联网历史和网络经济的更广泛背景下,讨论了代币的重要性、区块链的赌场文化和计算机文化,以及区块链如何重新定义数字所有权的概念。简单来说,通过将价值返还给网络的用户和创造者,区块链实现了技术突破,打破了传统网络的模式,为创新开辟了新的可能性。

引入

互联网可以说是战后时代最重要的发明之一,是现代舒适生活的技术基础。尽管互联网最初是一个开放和非营利的网络,但如今其大部分价值被少数几家大型科技公司(如谷歌、Meta 和亚马逊)所占据。然而,在《READ WRITE OWN》中,我们提出了一种视角,将区块链视为互联网演变的新转折点。

(编者注:《READ WRITE OWN》一书是 A16z 合伙人 Chris Dixon 所著,这本书对区块链重塑互联网未来的力量及其如何影响我们所有人进行了探索)

在本文中,我们将探索《READ WRITE OWN》中的一些主要的主题,如将区块链置于互联网历史和网络经济的更广泛背景下,讨论代币作为新的数字工具的重要性、加密货币领域的「赌场文化」和「计算机文化」,以及区块链如何重塑数字所有权的概念。通过这样做,我们将展示区块链如何通过将价值返还给网络「边缘」的用户、创造者和企业家,实现技术突破,重新定义所有权动态,为创新解锁新的可能性。

网络经济和互联网历史

网络堆栈

要理解区块链的技术和文化意义,我们需要将其置于更广泛的互联网历史背景下。从根本上说,我们今天所称的「互联网」是一个复杂的「网络之网络」,由多个网络协议技术层构成,形成了互联网协议堆栈。这从基本的网络传输协议(如 IP 或互联网协议)延伸到应用层网络协议,例如用于电子邮件的 SMTP(简单邮件传输协议)或用于万维网的 HTTP(超文本传输协议),再到特定应用内部更抽象的社交网络,如 Facebook 和 X(原名 Twitter)。

互联网的大部分价值,如我们的社交网络、财务历史和医疗记录,都记录在这些相互关联的网络结构上。因此,要理解现代互联网,我们需要理解网络设计,因为这些网络的设计直接影响着资金和权力如何通过网络系统流动。

在区块链技术出现之前,主要有两种网络经济设计:协议网络和企业网络。

协议和企业网络

协议网络是由一组开源规则定义的,这些规则描述网络中不同参与者如何相互交互。由于协议完全开源,任何参与者都可以轻松使用此代码引导应用程序,所有价值都归协议的参与者所有,而不是由任何中心化实体收取过高的网络使用费。像所有网络一样,协议的价值随着更多参与者加入网络而增加。最经典的协议网络例子之一是 RSS(Really Simple Syndicate ),它是一种开放源码的网络提要格式,允许用户订阅他们关注的其他用户和网站的内容。这种开源协议常用于订阅博客条目、新闻标题和播客剧集等内容。

另一方面,企业网络是闭源网络,例如 Facebook 或 Twitter,由单个公司设计、维护和分发网络,以促进自己的企业利益。尽管这些企业网络支持 API 和外部开发者及其平台上创作者的生态系统,但他们的利益次于核心公司的利润追求动机。因此,许多企业网络有非常高的「获取率」,其中大部分由创作者、开发者和网络上的其他用户创造的价值归平台所有,而不是用户本身。

随着现代互联网的成熟,我们已经系统地看到 Facebook 或 Twitter 等封闭的企业网络战胜了 RSS 等开放协议网络。例如,Twitter 实际上最初是一个支持 RSS 的易用前端,但渐渐地用户开始完全依赖 Twitter 的平台和网络,而不是 RSS。最终,Twitter 在受欢迎程度上完全取代了 RSS,该公司决定在 2013 年终止对 RSS 源的支持。

这些企业网络能够利用和取代这些开放协议网络的核心原因之一是,它们资金雄厚,设计精良,能够推进自己的战略利益。例如,亚马逊、YouTube 和 Uber 等平台最初非常乐意承受亏损,以补贴其增长并吸引用户到其平台。另一方面,许多协议网络由于其去中心化的性质,缺乏系统性资金来持续开发和维护项目,许多开发者出于纯粹的善意维护网络。因此,这些开放协议网络无法与企业网络的资金竞争。所有这些都极大地破坏了互联网作为一个开放的公共空间来共享和推进知识的基本精神。

代币、计算机和赌场

另一方面,区块链引入了一种新的网络经济形式,将协议网络的开放性与允许它们与企业网络团队竞争的资金机制相结合。这是通过引入「代币」作为表示区块链应用程序中所有权和价值单位来实现的。

以比特币为例,这是最古老和最知名的区块链项目。比特币区块链本质上充当一个庞大的、去中心化的账本(类似于 Excel 电子表格),在网络上永久记录所有金融交易。这个账本在网络上被称为「矿工」或「验证者」的全球数百万台计算机上维护和复制。他们通过比特币代币获得奖励,以维护这个分类账,具体的奖励通过称为「工作量证明」的算法确定。从本质上讲,比特币既是一种价值单位,又是一种所有权衡量标准,以激励网络参与者以特定方式行事,例如通过「工作量证明」算法维护财务去中心化账本。

工作量证明算法的概述

代币提供了一个灵活的框架来协调大规模的行为,我们可以轻松地将比特币的工作量证明奖励算法替换为不同应用中的另一种算法。例如,以太坊使用「权益证明」算法,将比特币的类似 Excel 的去中心化分类账扩展到一个完全图灵完备的全球计算机。所有这些在区块链行业中创造了一种新的学科,称为「代币经济学」,它结合了计算机科学、经济学和博弈论的元素,为区块链应用设计有效的代币奖励系统。

不幸的是,加密货币中的「coin」和「token」的概念常常让人想起负面含义,让大众以及加密只不过是一个不受监管的在线赌场。尽管区块链领域存在许多不良行为者,如 Terra 创始人 Do Kwon 和 FTX 创始人 Sam Bankman-Fried,他们利用行业的新颖性进行欺诈,但这种行为掩盖了行业中真正的创新和技术进步。

大致而言,加密货币可以被描述为具有两种不同的文化:「计算机」和「赌场」。 「计算机文化」代表开发者、企业家和许多有远见的人,他们能够将加密置于互联网更广泛历史的背景下,并理解区块链在长期内的技术意义。另一方面,「赌场」文化更注重短期收益和从价格波动中获利。

我们希望,通过加强监管和提高法律清晰度可以减轻「赌场文化」的短视和有害影响。一种潜在的解决方案可能是充分利用归属计划和时间范围,通过质押等技术手段或通过合同等传统法律手段将代币锁定一段指定的时间。反过来,这可以促进该领域更长远的发展,从而促进区块链技术成为社会公益的力量。

重新定义数字所有权

在区块链行业中促进健康、充满活力的文化的关键是利用加密运动中的「计算机文化」的力量。从根本上说,代币允许区块链重新定义数字网络上的所有权概念。对于许多区块链项目(如比特币和以太坊),不存在任何个人或公司拥有网络的现象,因为拥有网络代币(如 ETH 或 BTC)的任何人都是网络的所有者,所有协议的代码(如确定代币奖励分配的算法)都是开源的。因此,区块链自然继承了协议网络的开放、协作精神。同时,由于 ETH 和 BTC 等代币代表着可以兑换真实货币的价值单位,区块链网络的参与者也能够为项目开发和维护提供资金,从而与企业网络竞争。

 代币激励和网络效应

我们已经看到利用代币和其他区块链技术作为社会公益和回馈社区的力量的潜力。例如,Helium 公司用 HNT 代币奖励用户建立无线热点枢纽,提供无线连接,让传统互联网服务提供商忽略的社区也能接入互联网。通过巧妙地使用代币激励,Helium 能够启动一个由热点枢纽组成的互联网络,从而享受网络效应。这是一个典型案例,说明代币如何让规模小得多的公司克服传统的「冷启动问题」,并颠覆规模大得多的巨头,如传统的互联网服务提供商。随着项目的成熟,拥有 HNT 代币的用户也能够积极参与协议的治理,并让这些早期采用者在项目的未来方向上发出声音。

因此,区块链在结构上重新定义了数字所有权的概念,将网络利润重新分配给首次创造这些价值的用户和社区。通过为开放协议上的网络参与者创造一种新的激励结构,区块链打破了「企业网络」的「赢家通吃」模式,并将互联网带回其原始的自由、去中心化和民主价值观。

 协议、企业和区块链网络

区块链的未来

今天,我们正处在加密货币领域的一个转折点。在过去几年中,区块链基础设施和技术在许多方面都取得了系统性的改进,例如零知识证明、模块化区块链和互操作性解决方案的进步。就像 GPU 的改进为 ChatGPT 的杀手级应用铺平了道路一样,我们相信区块链基础设施可能很快使加密货币领域出现一个杀手级应用,这个的重要性相当于加密货币的「iPhone 时刻」。

随着加密货币行业从过去一年半的一系列崩溃中翻开新的一页,我们期待着看到可能出现的各种新的区块链项目,如新型社交网络、游戏和元宇宙、开源金融基础设施,以及以人工智能为中心的新的创造者经济,它们将推动互联网下一阶段的发展。

归根结底,区块链如今代表着计算领域的前沿技术,就像 20 世纪 90 年代的互联网一样。与人工智能和 VR/AR 等其他前沿技术不同,加密货币代表了一种真正的颠覆力量,将价值重新分配给网络的边缘,赋予网络的创造者,用户和参与者成为协议的真正拥有者,并在数字领域构建一个新的「Read, Write, Own」经济。

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