加密货币15年简史:在泡沫相伴的路上,寻找成熟应用

Odaily星球日报Опубліковано о 2023-12-22Востаннє оновлено о 2023-12-22

Анотація

投机和庞氏将始终是加密货币中最重要的部分,这种情况将以波浪形式持续下去。

原文作者:polynya

原文编译:深潮 TechFlow

时间来到 2023 年底,各家媒体和机构纷纷开始了对新一年的展望和期待。

但在展望未来的同时,也不要忘记来时的路。

在年末这个时间点上,回溯简短的加密历史脉络,或许会有新的发现。

加密货币已经出现了 15 年,现在它已经是一个有价值且成熟的领域。不同的市场周期,加密货币都在探索着不同的领域,在这篇文章中,将主要介绍我个人对加密货币各个市场周期的看法。

2009-2013 :支付、储备资产和价值储存

比特币的第一个推动力有两个方面。第一个是数字支付或数字现金,第二个是新的储备资产。后者吸引了无政府主义者、无政府资本主义者、末日论者和「奥地利经济学家」。这些人对比特币将成为新的全球标准资产有着宏伟的幻想。这和 60 年代坚信战争仍在进行并且必须为皇帝而战的日本帝国士兵一样荒谬。世界已经发展了,现代货币政策在引领人类文明最繁荣和创新的时代方面取得了巨大成功。事实上,这些令人难以置信的进步使比特币的出现成为可能。

然而,更大的问题是,当前的全球货币体系需要重大的主观投入,而这对于公共区块链的客观排他性来说是不可能的。COVID-19 疫情是一个很好的例子,当时全球经济一夜之间停摆。所谓的「比特币标准」实际上会导致全球经济崩溃,除了最富有的 1% 之外的所有人都将陷入贫困。考虑到疫情的规模,全球人民在这次疫情中相对安然度过是值得称赞的,这比前几个世纪需要数十年甚至一个世纪才能恢复的大流行要好得多。当然,这远非完美 - 2022 年的通货膨胀相当严重,可能还需要几年时间才能稳定到 COVID 前的水平 - 但总的来说,我们在宏观经济学方面做得越来越好。

另一方面是支付——这吸引了更多的科技和互联网先驱。当时,数字支付仍然是一个巨大的潜在市场。然而,比特币存在一些重大问题——高波动性、缺乏可扩展性以及不良的用户体验。与此同时,金融科技快速迭代。亚洲处于领先地位,如今,有多种支付应用程序提供免费、即时交易和完美的用户体验。印度尤其拥有一个理想的解决方案,它结合了全球标准 (UPI),其数百个应用程序和数千家银行可以在其之间无缝互操作。事实上,UPI 正在印度以外地区得到采用。加密货币在支付领域仍然占有一席之地,但我们将在下一节中讨论这一点。

在这个时代的末期,大多数人都很清楚,无论是全球储备资产还是支付都不现实 - 但有另外一个东西是现实的,即一种替代性、非主权的价值储存。可以说,这是一种新时代的数字黄金。这是非常成功的,直到今天仍然是比特币的第一大用例。

2013-2018 :探索加密应用

2011-12 年左右,大多数正在开发的「山寨币」都是「比特币杀手」。但一个新的类别正在出现——如果区块链不仅仅用于金钱,会怎样?

起初,这产生了特定于应用程序的区块链。我知道的第一个是 Namecoin。 2014 年,我们推出了 BitShares,它开创了多项新技术和新功能:

  • 有委托的权益证明

  • 去中心化交易所

  • Meme 和 NFT

  • 算法稳定币

  • 用户发行资产

  • 交易自由,TPS 高;以高系统要求为代价,因此与比特币不同,可验证性和去中心化程度较低

后来,BitShares 代码库被分叉为 Steem,后者将区块链扩展到了社交网络。当然,事实证明这是不可持续的。

然而,这个时代的突破性创新是 2014 年的以太坊白皮书。它列出了几乎所有最终能够找到持久的产品市场契合度的应用程序。应用特定区块链的主要问题是维持持久的经济安全性。事实上,几乎所有 2012-14 年间的 L1 都已经贬值,而且经济保障也非常有限。他们之所以没有不断受到攻击,唯一的原因就是这些幽灵锁链上没有任何东西可以攻击。

以太坊为这个问题提供了一个优雅的解决方案,让应用程序开发人员在以太坊上部署,而不是用自己的安全预算启动自己的区块链。这导致了区块链生态的巨大繁荣,远远超出了以太坊 2014 年白皮书中规定的范围。

这一切在 2017-18 年的 ICO 狂热中达到顶峰,但事实证明, 99% 的应用在区块链上毫无意义。

在这个时代,比特币作为一种替代的价值储存手段,建立了强大的产品市场契合度。也许最重要的事情是「区块大小战争」。最终,「小区块」比特币获胜,强调了最终用户可验证性的必要性。到了这个时候,大玩家们也意识到,比特币的第一用例,替代性价值储存,实际上并不需要可扩展性。因此,不妥协去中心化和安全是明智的。

2018-2021 :寻找超越替代性存储价值的产品和市场契合度

尽管 ICO 狂热时期 99% 的加密项目被证明是无用的,但仍有超出替代价值存储之外的领域找到了产品市场契合点。毫不意外,所有这些都在 2014 年的以太坊白皮书中被描述过。

此时,金融科技支付应用程序已在许多国家变得无处不在,特别是在世界上大多数人口居住的亚洲,新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行加速了这一趋势。然而,在某些领域,稳定币仍然存在强劲的需求,成为第二大最有用的加密应用程序。这些领域包括: 1) 在货币不稳定且美元获取受限的国家轻松获得美元;2) 向金融基础设施薄弱或资本管制严格的国家进行跨境支付;3) 作为美元的储存方式,或在交易所之间转账。当然还有一些较小的领域,但这些是主要的三个。

事实证明,DeFi 应用很有价值。尽管相对于传统金融而言,它们非常有限且效率低下,但它们已经找到了价值数十亿美元的市场。身份应用程序也找到了用途,尤其是 ENS。

NFT 一直被认为是一个重要的应用案例,但 2014-2015 年的讨论和以太坊白皮书低估了收藏品 NFT 的兴起。如果比特币是数字黄金,那么收藏品 NFT 就是最富有的人用作替代价值存储的艺术品。NFT 的整体金融影响可能相对较小,且只与顶尖 1% 的富人有关,但它仍然是一个持久的应用案例。当然还有其他领域,但大多数最终证明是非常小的市场。

这是一个有效「解决」可扩展性问题的时代,或者至少研究是这样的。有效性证明、欺诈证明和数据可用性采样等新技术有望实现近乎无限的规模,以至于可扩展性不会成为瓶颈。

随着比特币进入成熟阶段,它出现了强劲的增长,但回报率也严重下降。由于经济的彻底改革和实用性的扩大,以太坊也作为一种真正的替代价值储存手段而成熟。

2021 年至今:市场分化为成熟和堕落

实际上,从 2022 年开始,我们已经看到无数的 L2 和 L1 上线,但几乎所有都未被广泛使用。虽然使用量在增长,但远远落后于实际增长的规模。我预计在接下来的几年内,新技术如有效性证明和数据可用性采样将实现几乎无限的规模扩张,这是单体区块链无法实现的。相反,这个时代也是我们首次看到应用层的停滞,前还不清楚什么会令即将到来的近乎无限的规模饱和。总会有一些东西——问题是,它有价值、有意义吗?或者只是更多的垃圾邮件和膨胀?

我们还看到了市场的直接分化。市场的一部分加倍投入到堕落中。过去,投机泡沫被掩盖在叙事中,但从 2021 年开始,它们卸下了伪装——到处都是明显的庞氏骗局。实际上,这一情况一直持续到 2023 年,随着投机回归市场。尽管加密货币领域正在成熟,但加密货币中最响亮的叙事仍然是明显的庞氏骗局。

然而,在幕后,有一个行业已经进入了成熟阶段。比特币和以太币被确立为价值数千亿美元的替代价值存储。每天有超过 300 亿美元的稳定币在以太坊 /L2 和波场之间结算。去中心化金融、Web3 身份和 NFT 继续找到可持续的市场。尽管投机是当今加密货币中最主要的叙事,但它仍然是一个价值数十亿美元的市场。

展望未来

虽然没有人能够预测未来,但加密货币的演变实际上是非常有序的。 2014 年以太坊白皮书中描述了所有产品与市场契合的内容,并在 2014-15 年进行了讨论。有些事情比预期更成功(可收藏的 NFT),而有些则不太成功(支付、预测市场),但总的来说,这个行业在几个领域找到了强大的产品市场契合点,并正在进入成熟阶段。

当然,投机和庞氏将始终是加密货币中最重要的部分,这种情况将以波浪形式持续下去。如果这是你的兴趣——那就尽情享受吧。如果不是,就把注意力从噪音中转移出来,关注加密货币成熟的方面。

我希望看到的是,未来将整合产品市场契合点,使用有效性证明等技术成熟的可持续扩展解决方案,以及更多具有流畅用户体验的应用,这些应用将有着深思熟虑的用例,而不是模糊的雄心壮志和夸夸其谈。我希望市场上能够减少噪音和投机泡沫,但让我们面对现实——这永远不会发生。

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