三协会发布《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》的几处法律解读

财联社Опубліковано о 2022-04-23Востаннє оновлено о 2022-04-23

Анотація

业内律师从法律实务角度解读《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》。

什么不可以NFT?NFT的法律步骤有哪些?律师的法律审核工作在那里?NFT的法律边际在哪里?业内律师从法律实务角度解读《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》。
尽管有人说,万物都可以NFT(Non-Fungible Token,非同质化通证),那是大家对于新兴行业的追捧。对于我们法律工作者,可能更注重的是什么不可以NFT?NFT的法律步骤有哪些?律师的法律审核工作在那里?NFT的法律边际在哪里?
2022年4月13日,中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会共同倡议,联合发布《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》(《NFT倡议》)。
那么作为法律从业者,该如何从法律实务上来理解《NFT倡议》呢?
什么行业可以NFT呢?
目前国内NFT仅限于艺术品行业,也就是说运用NFT,将艺术品行业进行数字化,从而使数字藏品改变了艺术传播,并将大放异彩。
艺术品的传播一直以其所承载的材料决定其长久和表现力。从古代的玉,石,玻璃,绢,直到布匹的出现,最后纸的出现,艺术品大放光彩。但是纸制品出现后也是受私人收藏,博物馆收藏等范围的限制,没有能够被人所熟知。直到今天,互联网的出现,使得你在家里就能随时浏览这些艺术瑰宝。我们能够通过互联网看世界各地的博物馆,通过互联网去看世界各地的画廊,国内荣宝斋的公众号去看看他们的收藏,如果有你钟意的作品,也可以随时购买。
随着元宇宙的发展,目前艺术家也可以享受互联网行业发展对自己艺术品商业价值的开发。NFT就是目前较为流行的一种方式。
《NFT倡议》给NFT划出一个界限
《NFT倡议》其正面导向的意义在于规范应用区块链技术,发挥NFT在推动产业数字化、数字产业化方面的作用。确保NFT产品的价值有充分支撑,引导消费者理性消费,防止价格虚高背离基本的价值规律。保护底层商品的知识产权,支持正版数字文创作品。真实、准确、完整披露NFT产品信息,保障消费者的知情权、选择权、公平交易权。
《NFT倡议》的目的
随着NFT的市场不断持续升温。特别是国外市场的影响,国内市场亦蠢蠢欲动。NFT其作为一项区块链技术创新应用,在丰富数字经济模式、促进文创产业发展等方面显现出一定的潜在价值,但同时也存在炒作、洗钱、非法金融活动等风险隐患。
从上述倡议的最终落脚点就可以看出,是为了防止和杜绝NFT存在炒作、洗钱、非法金融活动等风险。因此,该倡议是NFT发展的高压线,从其价值体现上----炒作不可以;从其隐藏的功能上----洗钱;从其广泛资金的募集性----不可以非法募集,一旦触碰上述高压线,直接做违法行为处理。
关于《NFT倡议》的三大发布部门
中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会联合呼吁会员单位共同制作倡议《NFT倡议》。发出上述《NFT倡议》的三个协会的职能就可以看出,该倡议对发展NFT金融属性的全面限制。
上述协会的虽然不是职能部门,其没有发布法律、法规、及规范项文件的权利,但它们发布倡议的依据就是2021年9月15日中国人民银行、中央网信办、中国证监会等十部门发布的《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(银发〔2021〕237 号)(下称237号文)。
根据237号文,只要是具有金融属性的虚拟货币交易行为,都是违法行为。具体体现在237号文第一条第二款规定∶“开展法定货币与虚拟货币兑换业务、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供信息中介和定价服务、代币发行融资以及虚拟货币衍生品交易等虚拟货币相关业务活动涉嫌非法发售代币票券、擅自公开发行证券、非法经营期货业务、非法集资等非法金融活动,一律严格禁止,坚决依法取缔。对于开展相关非法金融活动构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。”
因此,只要是NFT存在上述可能的行为,就存在了违法行为。
《NFT倡议》杜绝金融化证券化倾向,非法金融活动风险
NFT设计的的产品,特别是产品说明,可能需要法律工作者详细说明该产品的特性以及合法化,即不在NFT底层商品中包含证券、保险、信贷、贵金属等金融资产,变相发行交易金融产品。
NFT产品不通过分割所有权或者批量创设等方式削弱NFT非同质化特征,变相开展代币发行融资(ICO)。该ICO(Initial Coin Offering)相当于股票市场的IPO(Initial Public Offering)。虽然与IPO相比,ICO都有通过出售股份来筹措资金;都有潜在投资者为了潜在的巨大收益而冒险参与。
但是IPO是证监会、交易所登记或者批准以及其他专业机构出具的专业意见的基础上,公开发行股份并募集资金的行为。而ICO仅仅没有任何机构或者部门批准,仅仅为其藏品的数字化传播而已,杜绝绕开证券化产品管理部门而进行变相开展代币发行融资。违反这一条款将涉及非法募集资金罪或者擅自发行股票、公司、企业债券罪。
《NFT倡议》禁止为NFT提供集中交易及平台
很多NFT的所有者,其目的是未来快速的升值。然而产品的升值如果没有交易根本体现不出利润。因此为了防止NFT的炒作,《NFT倡议》不为NFT交易提供集中交易(集中竞价、电子撮合、匿名交易、做市商等)、持续挂牌交易、标准化合约交易等服务,变相违规设立交易场所。
没有交易以及为了交易所进行的证券化市商服务以及平台服务,更体现不出其NFT的增值属性。如果违反上述规定,可能涉及我国《刑法》的擅自设立金融机构罪。
《NFT倡议》NFT交易不以虚拟货币计价
禁止用比特币、以太币、泰达币等虚拟货币作为NFT发行交易的计价和结算工具。该倡议完全是按照237号文的要求来执行。
《NFT倡议》NFT所有参与者实名制
《NFT倡议》要求对NFT发行、售卖、购买主体进行实名认证,妥善保存客户身份资料和发行交易记录,积极配合反洗钱工作。当然,这里不是重点为了保护客户资料,而是配合反洗钱等金融犯罪的核查。
《NFT倡议》要求三大协会会员不参与投资NFT
我们注意到,中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会三大协会会员单位包括互联网金融企业、类金融企业、互联网银行和实体银行、证券公司,上市公司等,以及国外上市(包括香港上市企业)。
《NFT倡议》禁止上述行业协会会员单位直接或间接投资NFT,进而不为投资NFT提供融资支持。但是在现实中,如果真的有这样的企业购买NFT,也没有相关的处罚措施,笔者认为应该不属于违法行为。
这里我们要注意《NFT倡议》是三大行业协会联合呼吁会员单位共同制作的,不具有法律的强制力。具体倡议的禁止性行为最后是否违法要根据具体的法律、法规和规范性文件的规定。

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