中美企业元宇宙布局对比研究

元宇宙之道Опубліковано о 2022-04-22Востаннє оновлено о 2022-04-22

Анотація

对于硬件、社交来说,美国先发优势明显

本文摘自东方财富证券研究所于4月发布的《中美数字经济和元宇宙比较研究》研究报告,该研报分为数字经济与元宇宙发展两部分,本次截取元宇宙部分,内容有所删减、改编。转载内容仅供读者参考。
本文以中美两国互联网巨头的元宇宙动向为切入点,对两国当前元宇宙的发展情况进行了简要分析。研报将元宇宙产业链分为基础设施、硬件、软件和应用四大部分。

📸️ 元宇宙产业图谱 © 东方财富证券研究所
其中美国侧重基础技术、软硬件布局,中国则侧重NFT及数字虚拟人等实际应用的布局,以下分别进行介绍。

国内外元宇宙概念的爆火,最初来自于美国公司Roblox。Roblox是全球最大的多人在线创作游戏平台,允许用户自由编写游戏和参加其他玩家创建的游戏。
Roblox提出的元宇宙八大要素,已经成为当前最广为认可的元宇宙构成要素:

📸️ Roblox的元宇宙八大要素 © 东方财富证券研究所
很容易发现,传统的游戏和社交应用基本满足身份、朋友、低延迟、随时随地这四大要素,而Roblox还在多元化和经济系统上有所突破。
从元宇宙诞生于新土壤还是旧世界的角度,可以延伸出两个元宇宙的流派:即“激进派”(如Roblox和区块链游戏等)和“渐进派”(如Epic等)。
作为元宇宙概念的发起者,Roblox股价一度较上市时增长超过100%,但后续随着财务数据和元宇宙概念“变冷”出现大幅度回调。

📸️ Roblox股价表现 © 东方财富证券研究所
除了道路选择外,Roblox还面临着收入增速下滑和用户增长质量下降的风险。
1 收入增速下滑
自2Q21Roblox的现金收入增速就大幅下降,似乎预示着未来收入增速也难以维持高位。

📸️ Roblox 收入及现金收入(单位:百万美元) © 东方财富证券研究所
2 用户增长质量下降
欧美用户增长停滞,最近几个季度的用户增长主要来自于亚太和其他地区,用户增长结构的变化也预示着收入增长的放缓趋势。

📸️ Roblox日活跃用户地域划分(单位:百万) © 东方财富证券研究所
当然这只是美国元宇宙发展的冰山一角,东方财富证券研究所依次从Meta、微软以及Epic三家公司入手,对美国元宇宙的布局进行了简单分析。
Meta:押注VR领域,硬件和社交先发制人
自从2014年收购Oculus以来,Facebook就开始对VR生态持续投入,并且在2020年开始逐步崭露头角。

📸️ MetaVR业务收入利润 © 东方财富证券研究所
根据IDC统计,2021年VR设备出货量达1120万台,同比增长92.1%,其中OculusQuest2占比约78%。
此外,2021年Meta VR业务部门Reality Labs实现收入22.7亿美元,经营亏损101.9亿美元。Meta还顺势加码VR社交平台Horizon,鼓励创作者构建理想的虚拟世界。


📸️ Quest2出机量接近80% © 东方财富证券研究所
为了更好地分析各个企业元宇宙的发展情况,东方财富证券研究所简化八大要素,提出元宇宙的五大能力,即拓展现实(XR)、图像引擎、游戏经验、UGC生态和社交系统。
Meta在拓展现实和社交系统位列全球TOP1(东方财富证券研究所认为移动社交可以向下兼容VR/元宇宙社交),并将逐步向UGC生态、游戏经验甚至图像引擎延伸。

📸️ Meta元宇宙核心能力 © 东方财富证券研究所
微软:云计算搭建基础设施,多领域通向未来
2021年11月2日,微软在Ignite2021上分享了两项元宇宙新举措。其一是Meshfor Microsoft Teams,将在微软现有的Team功能(线上会议)之上,加入一个名为Mesh的混合现实的功能。
其二是Dynamics 365 Connected Spaces,允许用户造访虚拟重现的现实商店与场景,能够通过人工智能驱动的模型和观察数据,在零售商店,工厂车间等任何空间进行交互。
但东方财富证券研究所认为边缘计算才是微软的元宇宙“杀手锏”:

📸️ 智能云成为微软第一大业务 © 东方财富证券研究所
微软在全球公有云市场占据16.6%市场份额,位列第二;并且早在2020年初,微软推出了AzureEdgeZones,以扩大其在边缘计算领域的影响力。


📸️ 微软公有云市场份额第二 © 东方财富证券研究所
微软的元宇宙能力不仅体现在B端。除了基础设施外,微软在拓展现实和游戏领域同样颇有建树。
HoloLens是主打B端的混合现实头显,为制造业、医疗保健行业、教育行业以及零售业等行业提供MR解决方案。而作为三大主机厂商之一,微软还拥有Xbox和大量优质的第一方工作室,这些都可以转化为微软入局元宇宙的资本。


📸️ 微软元宇宙核心能力 © 东方财富证券研究所
Epic:虚幻引擎构建未来,《堡垒之夜》走向现实
Epic是全球领先的3D引擎技术提供商和游戏开发公司。其开发的虚幻引擎拥有超过750万用户,并被用以制作《PUBG》等顶级游戏与《蝙蝠侠》等电影。
引擎是VR的基础设施,虚幻4引擎占有全球商用游戏引擎80%的市场份额。不仅在渲染效果和运行效率上UE4有明显的优势,其扩展能力也非常强。
此外《堡垒之夜》上也多次举办虚拟演唱会、和品牌方联动等活动,这也是最有可能成为元宇宙载体的游戏之一。


📸️ 虚幻引擎应用广泛 © 东方财富证券研究所
与其他互联网巨头的“基础设施+应用”类似,Epic在元宇宙领域拥有虚幻引擎和《堡垒之夜》两大武器。
虚拟世界的实现有赖于图像和物理引擎,虚幻引擎是其中的佼佼者。而《堡垒之夜》作为全球最知名的射击类游戏,拥有着海量用户,也是“渐进派”中最合适的元宇宙载体。


📸️ Epic元宇宙核心能力 © 东方财富证券研究所
总体而言,美国目前在元宇宙相关底层技术上及硬件上的布局非常完备,在元宇宙概念提出之前诸多相关技术便已经有了长足发展,这也使美国在元宇宙发展初期便占得先机。


与美国相比,国内的“元宇宙热”则较为滞后。2021年8月27日,A股上市公司视觉中国首次在其半年报中披露了“NFT升级计划”——利用NFT技术对500px社区进行升级。
2021年9月6日,中青宝在其官方微博上表示“正在打造一款名为《酿酒大师》的新游戏”,涵盖“元宇宙”+“NFT”+“白酒”等诸多概念。众多传媒公司入局,带来了A股元宇宙第一波浪潮,但也迅速消退。
随着市场对于元宇宙了解的深入,行业发展逐渐步入理性,NFT和数字人这两个细分领域有望率先从国内元宇宙中脱颖而出。


📸️ 元宇宙指数涨跌幅表现 © 东方财富证券研究所
1 NFT:元宇宙经济体系的基石
NFT全称“NonFungobleToken”,中文翻译为“非同质化代币”,其具有唯一性、不可分割性和不可复制性。与之相对应的是“同质化代币”,典型的就是人民币、美元和比特币等,
尽管元宇宙尚远,但现在NFT已经有着很多应用领域。
其一,代表物理对象的NFT,比如房地产、供应链和实物收藏品等,可以将实物的所有权、收益权记录在区块链上,方便分割、交易。
其二,代表数字对象的NFT,比如IP、游戏道具和数字艺术品等,区块链技术赋予了其稀缺性和流动性,也是为大家所熟知和应用的领域。
其三,代表身份的NFT,比如学历证明和个人身份,个人数据的NFT可以在Web3.0应用程序中充当数字ID。
其四,代表权力的NFT,比如股权激励和保险,智能合约上可以明确交易双方交易的触发条件和收益。NFT具有非常广泛的应用,但由于其“金融属性”,也存在着产生泡沫的风险。


📸️ NFT的应用领域 © 东方财富证券研究所
国内上市公司在NFT领域布局主要集中在数字艺术品交易平台和IP变现。
其中阿里巴巴的鲸探和腾讯的幻核平台规模较大,分别采用蚂蚁链和腾讯区块链(至信链),上新频率较高,每天销量都在1万份以上,平均价格也在9-100元不等。目前国内NFT市场主要有以下特点:
1)具有社交和流量优势的NFT交易平台更具优势,能够满足NFT炫耀性的平台价值更大。
主要原因是国内现在技术,跨链成本较高,不同平台仅能交易自己链上的商品,并不像海外以太坊及侧链独大,且目前各平台规定数字收藏品不作为商业用途,仅具备收藏和炫耀属性。
2)主流平台暂不支持数字藏品的二次交易,现在发行的数字收藏品都是几千至上万份的“复制品”,其价值有待商榷。
出于合规考虑,国内主流平台暂不支持二次交易,避免投机、炒作和洗钱风险。腾讯也于近期关停了数字收藏品小程序,获客难度进一步加大。


📸️ 部分上市公司NFT交易平台和产品详情 © 东方财富证券研究所
小蓝也欢迎大家回顾之前发布的中国NFT平台排行榜,可以对国内NFT的发展有进一步了解:


2 数字人:融合多项前沿技术,特定场景服务率先落地
虚拟数字人是由计算机图形学、图形渲染、动作捕捉、深度学习、语音合成等计算机手段创造及使用,并具有外貌特征、人类表演能力、人类交互能力等多重人类特征的综合产物。
在未来的元宇宙中,不只是人与人的交互,也会有很多人与AI的交互,甚至人类的意识会以“数字人”形式实现“永生”。


📸️ 虚拟数字人技术架构 © 东方财富证券研究所
这也是目前国内元宇宙布局的另一个主要领域,当前国内上市公司主要涉及平台层(动作捕捉、人工智能等)和应用层(虚拟偶像、虚拟主播等)。
对于2C的数字人,内容创作、技术支撑和商业运营是身份型虚拟数字人的三个关键要素,而内容是决定一个虚拟数字人成功与否最关键的因素。
对于2B的数字人,场景化数据、技术支撑和商业运营都是服务型虚拟数字人的关键要素,而渠道和场景是取胜的关键,先发优势明显。


📸️ 虚拟数字人的基础层、平台层和应用层 © 东方财富证券研究所
小蓝也欢迎大家回顾之前发布的中国虚拟偶像排行榜,可以对国内虚拟偶像的情况有进一步了解:


综合来看,美国互联网巨头聚焦 VR、云计算等基础设施,中国公司则发力 NFT 和数字人分支。
Meta 年亏损百亿美元加码 VR 设备,微软发力元宇宙办公和办公场景数字化,Epic 手握虚幻引擎和《堡垒之夜》两大元宇宙大杀器。
国内企业则率先将NFT和数字人商业化落地,诞生了一些头部NFT平台与制作精良的虚拟人。
总体而言,对于硬件、社交来说,美国先发优势明显;对于内容、游戏来说,中国后发亦可先至。

Пов'язані матеріали

Early Investor of Unitree Bets on a Brain-Computer Interface Company

"Wabo Technologies, a brain-computer interface (BCI) startup, has secured new funding from Vertex Ventures (under Temasek), Hongtai Fund, Chengdu Future Industry Fund, and Huifengda Capital. Vertex Ventures is known for its early bet on Unitree Robotics. Inspired by the sci-fi film "Avatar," founder Zhang Xingzhi has pursued human-machine interaction for over a decade. He established Wabo in late 2025, coinciding with China's push for BCI as a future industry. Unlike companies focused solely on medical hardware, Wabo positions itself as a model company. Its core mission is to develop a "Human Neural Intent Model" that decodes EEG, EMG, and behavioral signals to understand a user's goals, confirmations, corrections, and stop intentions before physical action, translating them into standardized control signals for machines, robots, or smart devices. The young, full-stack team, backed by academic collaborators from Tianjin University and Fudan University, quickly attracted investors. The company had previously raised a seed round from Ceyuan Capital. Investors were impressed by Wabo's systematic capabilities in data collection, signal processing, and engineering, seeing potential beyond a single hardware product toward a reusable layer of human intent interpretation. Applications span medical rehabilitation, smart homes, embodied AI, and even space exploration, with Wabo partnering with Tianjin University on pioneering "space BCI" research. Wabo plans a dual-headquarters strategy, with Shanghai focusing on high-end R&D and model development, and Chengdu handling hardware, product development, and supply chain. The BCI sector in China is heating up, with over 30 financing deals in early 2026. Zhang believes future competition will center on who can build a sustainable data-model-scenario loop. He predicts industry consolidation within three years, with only companies that master this闭环 surviving. The vision from "Avatar" is inching closer to reality."

marsbit7 хв тому

Early Investor of Unitree Bets on a Brain-Computer Interface Company

marsbit7 хв тому

ChangXin Technology: A Cyclical Stock Standing Atop the Cycle Peak

Changxin Technology: A Cyclical Stock at the Peak On July 27, 2026, Changxin Technology topped the A-share market with a market capitalization of 3.28 trillion yuan, surging 465% on its first trading day. The company, which lost 16.3 billion yuan in 2023, reported an estimated net profit of 50-57 billion yuan for the first half of 2026. Its dramatic reversal mirrors the volatile DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) cycle. The DRAM industry is inherently cyclical, with booms and busts every 3-4 years. This is due to product standardization and a significant time lag in supply adjustment. When prices rise, manufacturers expand capacity, but new production takes 2-3 years to come online, often leading to oversupply and price crashes when demand cools. Changxin's performance perfectly tracks this cycle. It recorded deep losses in 2023-2024 during the industry downturn, turned its first annual profit in 2025, and saw profits skyrocket in Q1 2026. This surge is primarily price-driven. The AI boom has led major players like Samsung and SK Hynix to shift 70-80% of new capacity to high-margin HBM (High Bandwidth Memory), creating a severe shortage and price explosion in general-purpose DRAM markets where Changxin competes. However, a massive global capacity expansion is underway. The top three manufacturers have announced nearly $70 billion in capital expenditure for 2026. Changxin itself plans to expand from three to seven 12-inch wafer fabs. This investment will translate into significant new supply in 2-3 years. While DRAM prices are expected to remain high through 2026-2027, price growth is already slowing, and a potential downturn is forecast for around 2028 as new capacity ramps up. A key challenge for Changxin is catching up in the critical HBM segment. While it has delivered HBM3 samples, leaders are already mass-producing more advanced HBM3E. Success in HBM is crucial for gaining true cyclical resilience. In conclusion, Changxin is a commendable company that has broken foreign monopolies in DRAM. Its long-term growth narrative—driven by import substitution and AI—is valid. Yet, its current valuation of 5-6x forward P/E, typical for a cyclical stock at its peak, suggests much future growth is already priced in. AI may extend the current cycle but cannot eliminate the industry's inherent volatility. For investors, the critical question is preparedness for the inevitable downturn when the cycle turns.

marsbit12 хв тому

ChangXin Technology: A Cyclical Stock Standing Atop the Cycle Peak

marsbit12 хв тому

What If the CLARITY Act Ultimately Fails to Pass?

This article examines the potential consequences if the CLARITY Act, a major US crypto market structure bill, fails to pass in the Senate. Having cleared the House in July 2025 and a key committee in May 2026, the bill's passage into law this year is now considered uncertain, with prediction markets showing its probability dropping from 82% in February to 35%. The article analyzes three main areas of impact should the bill fail. First, for the crypto market, analysts believe a negative reaction is limited and partially priced in already, with Bitcoin's recent weakness attributed more to macro factors. The specific details of the failed bill would matter more than its failure alone. Second, for US stocks, Coinbase (COIN) could see short-term pressure, with analysts citing a potential drop to the $140-$160 range, though its long-term thesis is not solely tied to the bill. For Circle, failure might be neutral or even positive long-term, as a passed bill could invite more stablecoin competition. Bitcoin-treasury firms like Strategy (MSTR) are seen as more directly tied to Bitcoin's price than the legislation. Third, in Washington, the failure is framed within a broader political struggle. Democratic resistance is partly linked to concerns over former President Trump's crypto holdings, making the bill a political tool. If it fails in 2026, the industry would likely rely on existing frameworks like the GENIUS Act and agency-level rules. Missing the August window likely pushes any significant progress to 2027, a period of political reshuffling after midterm elections, making consensus harder to achieve.

Odaily星球日报1 год тому

What If the CLARITY Act Ultimately Fails to Pass?

Odaily星球日报1 год тому

SK Hynix Q2 Profit Soars Sixfold, Still 'Misses Expectations'; Secures Long-Term Agreements with 10 Clients, HBM4 to Accelerate Volume Ramp in Second Half

SK Hynix reported record-breaking Q2 2026 financial results, with operating profit soaring 557% year-over-year to 60.5 trillion won and revenue increasing 257% to 79.3 trillion won, driven by strong demand for AI server memory, HBM, and enterprise SSDs. The operating profit margin reached 76.3%. However, both figures fell short of analyst expectations, leading to a drop in its share price. The company attributed the earnings miss to three factors: a high sales mix of HBM, which limited upside from surging prices of general-purpose DRAM; a deceleration in memory price increases compared to Q1; and long-term supply agreements (LTAs) with major customers that lock in prices, reducing sensitivity to spot market gains. SK Hynix has signed LTAs with about 10 clients, covering roughly half of its sales. Despite the miss, the company remains optimistic about AI-driven demand. Its net profit of 93.9 trillion won was significantly boosted by a one-time gain from the partial sale of its Kioxia stake. Financially, it strengthened its cash position, ending the quarter with a net cash position of 69.4 trillion won. Looking ahead, SK Hynix plans capital expenditures at the high end of its 40-50 trillion won range for 2026 to expand capacity for HBM and advanced NAND products, including accelerating the mass production of HBM4 in the second half of the year.

marsbit1 год тому

SK Hynix Q2 Profit Soars Sixfold, Still 'Misses Expectations'; Secures Long-Term Agreements with 10 Clients, HBM4 to Accelerate Volume Ramp in Second Half

marsbit1 год тому

Торгівля

Спот
活动图片