听Foresight Ventures论述可组合性优点以及被忽视的弊端

Foresight ResearchОпубліковано о 2022-03-31Востаннє оновлено о 2022-03-31

Анотація

可组合性是 99% 的组合和 1% 的破碎。

伟大的可组合性...吗?
神圣的可组合性!可组合性为我们带来了金钱乐高 (ERC-20 和 OpenZepplin 等标准),为我们带来了金融乐高 (DeFi 协议的各种组合),为我们带来了媒体乐高 (NFT)。
可组合性就是创新!开发者可以像搭乐高一样,把别人的乐高 (合约源码) 拿过来,修修补补,创建出一个新的产品。
可组合性就是复利!用户还可以通过在创作出的不同新产品之间互相交互,来释放资产的无限可能性。

DAO

Web3 的可组合性类似一个并非拷贝乐高,而是引用乐高的微服务架构,更强大但也更危险 (木板效应明显且致命)。
Crypto = 可组合性 (开源数据与代码 + 互操作性 + 流动性整合) + 激励,但是作为 Crypto 的重要组成部分,一个可以无限次方的重要变量,可组合性的乐高其实是一个随时摇摇欲坠的危房。
可组合性 === 开发与使用的复杂性

DAO

一个例子就是,每个代码库 (无一例外) 都是屎山 (Web2 时代的成熟项目,光是代码行数的数字就已经很复杂)。
越多组合就意味着越高的复杂性,也就是意味着在开发或使用时更多出错的可能,更多的 Bug。
比如让你阅读这篇文章并点赞转发,你可以轻松完成;但如果让你关注比特币的币价的同时切苹果皮还要骑自行车,你就很难同时完成这些任务了。 你确实同时做了很多事,效率很高,但是你非常容易出错。

DAO

上图是以太坊 Sharding 方案的变化。 EVM 的设计目标就包括简单性和更少的外部依赖。 即使是非常复杂的想法,也往往具有「合理简单」的版本。 有时候真的未必需要那么多的组合和工程化,让事情过于复杂。
可组合性 === 软件依赖的风险
可组合性很多时候就预示着某些项目必须与其他项目组合,才可以运行,这就是软件依赖的风险。

DAO

试想一下,你要做个 DEX 聚合器,那么你就不得不去等待被聚合的 DEX 上线到网络,你必须组合他们,才能发挥美好的可组合性。 但这也意味着你得等 Uniswap 提出提案,通过提案,部署之后才能上线你的聚合器 (话说较多情况下直接用 Uniswap 是比聚合器更好的)。
更明显的可组合性造成依赖的例子,就是,网络没有 EVM,应用就上不了线了。 EVM 成为可组合性不可缺少的一环了,正是因此,对很多生态,EVM 才如此重要。
有时候,开发者和用户太过于依赖可组合性。 可组合性给开发者带来了快速的接入,但是或许更长的等待时间;也带来了现有的代码,但是可能会坍塌的多米诺。
可组合性 === 开源项目的多米诺
书接前文的可组合性依赖问题,这一长串的依赖其实让可组合性的乐高变成了多米诺。

DAO

开源供应链投毒的例子在最近也屡见不鲜,比如主动投毒 (尽管本意可能是好的) 的 Faker。js 和 node-ipc,还有不小心危害了整个互联网安全的 Log4j (最近 Java 好像又出事了)。

DAO

这些问题的根本原因还是:
开发者不会看所有的源码,只会复制粘贴 (Can devs do something?)

DAO

普通开源社区的激励不足以支持持久开发。 (一个贡献者得喂饱八万个使用者)

DAO

为了解决这两个源头,我们需要第三方审计服务,去中心化的开发社区,合理激励的 DAO,更多的 Gitcoin 捐献,更多分配到基础设施上的资金。
同时,从问题中,我们也看出全权交给社区开发也是不可取的 (JavaScript 社区),同时不能太过于依赖社区贡献,可能会导致缺乏标准库,而且通常激励下社区开发很可能无法保证长久支持。 我们还是需要一些中立和有效的组织来决定纳入一些标准,以及引导对开发社区的资金激励。
(顺便一提,Ethers 是 EVM 生态被使用最多的第三方库,周下载量在 68 万左右,但是只是 「Web2」 前端框架 react 的 5% 左右;根据 Electric Capital 的数据,Web3 开发者的数量大概占所有开发者的 0。07%。 Web3 开发还有很长的路要走。)
再回到 Web3,如果 OpenZepplin 出点风险,那受害的就不只是我们的软件了,而是我们最宝贵的资金,这是很可怕的。
可组合性 === 缺点更明显的 DAO
今年又是 DAO 元年。 DAO 已经成为了社区的默认实践。
DAO 的可组合性确实可以让组织之间像嫁接一样,共同繁荣生长。

DAO

但是作为一个分散组织,DAO 的缺点就是更慢更难的决策,无法衡量工作的贡献,以及有时候权力的滥用。
充满可组合性的 DAO 让 DAO 过于去中心化和复杂了,以上的三个缺点被几何级数地放大。

DAO

可组合性让 DAO 的缺点更加缺点了。
可组合性 === 膨胀的金融泡沫
传统意义上的金融泡沫的可组合性的危害,我相信不用多说了。
以 NFT 衍生品等举例,NFT 的金融项目在不断搭积木,让整个 NFT 产业越来越复杂,套利攻击等攻击机会也就越多。 而这些金融产品套上加套,这些产品被保险公司认可 (就想到了审计机构),风险被从买得起 BAYC 的富人转嫁给大众消费者。 最后当泡沫破裂的时候,受伤最大的就是普通用户。
还记得比特币创世区块诞生的那一年发生了啥吗?
总结
对于可组合性,我们需要知其优点,也要知其缺点。 对于我文中提到的每个缺点,我都可以用可组合性的优点来对其一一反驳,但是我们仍然需要知道这些缺点,而不是让可组合性变成一个任人打扮的玩偶。
可组合性仍然有很多的提高空间,尽管它已经帮我们创造了无限庞大和美好的各种杰作 (Web1 + Web2 + Web3)。 我们需要更多更好更受关注的胖协议 (我知道胖协议理论有些不合理了),可信中立性,和认受性。
可组合性是 99% 的组合和 1% 的破碎。

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