战事60天,美伊“不战不谈”还要僵多久

marsbitОпубліковано о 2026-04-29Востаннє оновлено о 2026-04-29

来源:新华网

伊朗战事爆发至今已60天,美国和伊朗陷入“不战不谈”的对峙僵局。日前,伊朗外长访问多国,以“外交攻势”应对美国的“史诗怒火”和“经济狂怒”。

美伊为何陷入目前的僵局?这样的僵局还会持续多久?

国际舆论认为,美伊或陷入一种“冻结冲突”的局面,战火重燃的风险依然较高但双方又都不愿打响全面战争。另外,紧张局势仍继续外溢,持续冲击地区和全球安全与发展,“美国为维护霸权而发起的这场战争,正让全世界为之买单”。

伊朗“外交攻势”显露何种策略转变

连日来,伊朗外长阿拉格齐展开多线外交,接连访问巴基斯坦,还前往阿曼会晤阿曼苏丹海赛姆。阿拉格齐27日的俄罗斯之行,尤其广受关注。

俄总统普京在圣彼得堡与阿拉格齐畅谈一个半小时。普京表示,俄方将尽全力维护伊朗以及中东地区其他国家的利益,全力推动中东地区尽快实现和平。

4月25日,巴基斯坦总理夏巴兹(左)在首都伊斯兰堡同伊朗外长阿拉格齐举行会谈。新华社发(巴基斯坦总理办公室供图)

综合各方消息,通过阿拉格齐的访问,伊方提出了与美谈判的“分步走”新方案:首先聚焦霍尔木兹海峡危机和美国海上封锁问题,停火将被长期延长或各方将同意永久结束战事,核谈判只有在海峡重新开放、美国封锁解除后才开始举行。

阿拉格齐还向巴基斯坦转交了结束战事的伊方条件,包括实施霍尔木兹海峡新管理制度、获得战争赔偿、确保美国解除海上封锁并不再发动侵略等。

美国确认已收到伊方方案,但反应并不积极。一名美国官员称,总统特朗普27日表示“不喜欢这个方案”,原因在于该方案未涉及核问题。

分析人士认为,从美伊态度来看,双方依然有继续谈判的意愿。

伊朗提出新方案,显示其策略已从初期的全面、一步到位思路,转向分阶段、更务实的行动框架。在坚守底线的同时,伊方选择以多线外交为抓手,通过“主动出招”来试探美方反应,争取新一轮谈判的主导权。

美伊缘何陷入“不战不谈”僵局

专家认为,缘于三方面原因,美伊陷入“不战不谈”的僵持局面,且这种僵局在一定时间内或将持续。

首先,政治互信全无。伊朗德黑兰大学教授哈桑·艾哈迈迪安说,伊朗已对美国放弃幻想,不会轻易接受美方谈判条件。阿拉格齐近日两度到访巴基斯坦,更多只是为了对巴方斡旋努力有所交代。

其次,谈判立场对立。目前,美伊双方在核项目和霍尔木兹海峡两大核心问题上的分歧仍然“无法调和”。同时,双方的谈判目的几乎已是“明牌”。卡塔尔半岛电视台报道认为,在战场难占上风的情况下,美方企图借谈判“以压促变”、获得在战场上未能得到的东西;而伊朗同样将谈判视为“战争外延”,不会轻易妥协。

第三,双方国内承压。上海外国语大学专家包澄章认为,美伊双方都面临国内压力。特朗普政府深陷两难:既不愿在谈判中妥协,也不愿再度与伊朗开战,加之中期选举临近,其政策空间进一步受限。而在伊朗方面,新一届领导层希望通过对美强硬立场稳固国内形势,但同时因战事损耗和损失也难以继续作战。

4月16日,美国总统特朗普在华盛顿白宫南草坪接受媒体采访。新华社发(李源清 摄)

分析认为,“不战不谈”僵局的背后,是双方都在试图用时间换取战略空间。美方企图通过海上封锁“拖垮”伊朗经济,甚至引发伊朗国内变局;伊方则希望借油价波动下的经济压力和美国中期选举的政治压力,“压垮”特朗普政府。

如果没有重大突发变局,这种对峙僵局或将延续。澳大利亚学者认为,这种僵局或成为一种“冻结冲突”的状态,即战事根源未解决、低烈度冲突随时可能爆发,但不会达到“全面战争”的程度。

战事60天“如何冲击”世界

美国和以色列发动的战事已持续两个月,对中东、世界甚至“你我他的生活”造成日益深远的影响。美国媒体说,“全世界都在为美国发起的战争买单”。

——霍尔木兹海峡或带来“难以挽回的冲击”。因战事受阻的霍尔木兹海峡进入美伊“双重封锁”模式,持续冲击全球能源市场、阻塞贸易和供应链、给粮食系统带来压力、震荡全球金融环境并引发多国通胀风险。为此,多家机构下调今年全球经济增长预期。

《日经亚洲》杂志文章说,这是“半个世纪以来最具经济破坏性的战事”,撼动全球经济多个支柱,而且其影响将持续多年、无法迅速逆转。

4月26日,黎巴嫩南部一处地点遭以军袭击后升起浓烟。新华社发(吉尔·科恩·马根 摄)

——地区陷入安全和发展双重困境。美以与伊朗的博弈僵局或长期持续,战火重燃并升级的风险无法消除,同时也门胡塞武装、黎巴嫩真主党等更多地区力量可能卷入,地区将面临长期动荡。

尤其是对海湾国家而言,美国的“安全保障”反而成为“风险诱因”,地区持续动荡已让其丧失“中东稳定绿洲”的投资地位,地区安全和发展同时面临困境。

——国际秩序受到冲击。伊朗战事显示,美国霸权行为已形成一种极度危险的惯性,成为当前全球动荡根源。强权若不受遏制,规则一旦被打破,也将引发“破窗效应”,一些原本不可想象的危险行径会更多、更频繁发生,世界将变得更加动荡和混乱。

旨在维护美国霸权的伊朗战事正引发世界“系统性危机”,印度政策研究中心教授布拉马·切拉尼说,“而全球才刚刚开始为此买单。”

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