MM en Auge 1: Sistema de Cotización de Inventario del Market Maker

marsbit2025-12-28 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-12-28 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

**Resumen: El modelo de Avellaneda-Stoikov y la gestión de inventario de los market makers** ¿Alguna vez has notado que, tras comprar una altcoin, su precio suele moverse en tu contra? Esto no es una manipulación deliberada, sino el resultado de los sistemas de cotización de los market makers (MM) basados en inventarios. Los MM no son inversores direccionales; gestionan riesgos mediante coberturas. Cuando compras grandes cantidades, el MM vende y su inventario se vuelve corto (short inventory). Para protegerse: 1. **Sesgo de cotización (Quote Skew)**: El MM baja los precios para atraer vendedores y reponer inventario. 2. **Ampliación del spread (Spread Widening)**: Si el inventario empeora, el MM amplía el spread para reducir el riesgo de ejecución y compensar pérdidas. El precio de reserva (Reservation Price) se calcula como: **Precio de reserva = Precio medio − γ · q** Donde `q` es el inventario actual y `γ` es el coeficiente de aversión al riesgo. Los traders minoristas suelen ser afectados porque: - Ejecutan órdenes agresivas y concentradas. - No se cubren ni fragmentan órdenes. - En criptomonedas con baja liquidez, su volumen impacta directamente el riesgo del MM. **Consejo práctico**: Para minimizar el impacto, divide tus órdenes. Si quieres comprar 1000 USD, compra gradualmente (ej. 100 USD por vez). El ajuste de precios del MM te permitirá obtener mejores precios. Próximamente: - Parte 2: El libro de órdenes y el flujo tóxico (toxic f...

Autor: Dave

¿Alguna vez has experimentado una situación en la que, después de comprar algunas altcoins, el precio se mueve en la dirección opuesta en poco tiempo, como si los grandes jugadores te estuvieran atacando? ¿Por qué sucede esto? ¿Es realmente una conspiración de los grandes jugadores?

Este post te introducirá al sistema de cotización de los market makers, desvelando el misterio detrás de la "conspiración de los grandes jugadores". La conclusión es: que el precio a menudo se mueve en contra de nosotros no es una manipulación subjetiva, sino un sesgo de cotización basado en inventario (Quote Skew) bajo el modelo de Avellaneda-Stoikov, y un mecanismo de protección para manejar el flujo tóxico de órdenes (Toxic Flow). ¿Cómo funciona exactamente? Érase una vez...

Primero, entendamos el concepto de inventario. Todos saben que los market makers no son inversores direccionales; bajo una cobertura rigurosa, los cambios en el precio del spot no deberían afectar el P&L total. En este caso, mantener inventario es un comportamiento "pasivo". Los cambios en el inventario amplían la posición, y cuanto más grande sea la posición, mayor será la exposición al riesgo de movimientos adversos del precio. En este momento, las órdenes de compra y venta de los minoristas causan cambios en el inventario, y los market makers reaccionan a los riesgos asociados con estos cambios.

En pocas palabras, rompiste su equilibrio, y el market maker debe protegerse y esforzarse por volver al equilibrio. El medio para protegerse es el sistema de cotización.

1. Sesgo de Cotización (Quote Skew)

Cuando el market maker vende grandes cantidades debido a tus compras, equivalente a: el market maker vende en grandes volúmenes, y el inventario se convierte en una exposición corta. En este momento, ¿qué espera hacer el market maker?: (1) Reponer el inventario lo antes posible. (2) Proteger la posición corta expuesta.

Entonces, la reacción del market maker es: bajar el precio para atraer vendedores, evitar más compras y, al mismo tiempo, asegurar que su posición neta corta permanezca temporalmente sin pérdidas, dándole tiempo para cubrirse.

2. Ampliación del Spread (Spread Widening)

Cuando el inventario continúa deteriorándose, el market maker no solo ajusta el precio, sino que también amplía el spread, reduciendo la probabilidad de ejecución.

Su objetivo es reducir el riesgo de ejecución por unidad de tiempo y, al mismo tiempo, obtener más ganancias a través del spread para protegerse de las pérdidas de precio.

Al escribir un artículo, cada fórmula matemática adicional reduce un 10% de los lectores, pero por si acaso a algunos de ustedes les interesa ver algo más técnico, les daré una breve introducción sobre cómo se forma la cotización (también el mecanismo matemático detrás de los cambios de cotización mencionados).

El precio al que negociamos con el market maker se llama Precio de Reserva (Reservation Price), que proviene del modelo de fijación de precios basado en inventario:

Precio de Reserva = Precio Medio − γ⋅q

q: Inventario actual

gamma γ: Coeficiente de aversión al riesgo

En realidad, el Precio de Reserva se ve así, pero no quiero aburrirlos, así que solo les daré un vistazo:

Cuando los minoristas compran o venden en grandes volúmenes, q experimenta cambios significativos, lo que hace que el Precio de Reserva cambie considerablemente. La magnitud del cambio proviene del modelo de Avellaneda-Stoikov. Pueden adivinar que, dado que las compras y ventas causan pequeños cambios en el inventario, este modelo es una ecuación diferencial parcial. ¿Y adivinen qué? Tampoco tengo interés en derivar esta ecuación, así que solo necesitamos conocer la conclusión central:

La cotización óptima se despliega simétricamente alrededor del Precio de Reserva. El inventario inevitablemente revierte a su media hacia cero. El spread óptimo se amplía con el riesgo.

Si no entienden lo anterior, no importa. Solo necesitan comprender que, después de que los minoristas compran, el precio a menudo se mueve en contra de la tendencia alcista, esencialmente porque nuestro flujo cambia la fijación de precios de riesgo del mercado. Las razones por las que los minoristas a menudo enfrentan esta situación son:

• Los minoristas casi siempre son órdenes activas.

• Tamaño concentrado, ritmo no discreto.

• Sin cobertura.

• Sin timing, sin dividir órdenes.

En las altcoins pequeñas, esta situación es aún más grave porque la liquidez de las altcoins es muy baja. A menudo, tu orden es una de las pocas órdenes activas en un período de 5 minutos. En los mercados grandes, puede haber una cobertura natural, pero en las monedas pequeñas, tú eres la contraparte de los grandes jugadores.

Por lo tanto, los market makers profesionales no intentan liquidarte, sino maximizar E[Captura del Spread] − Riesgo de Inventario − Selección Adversa. De hecho, su función objetivo se ve así, donde el riesgo de inventario es penalizado exponencialmente:

Los lectores que hayan llegado hasta aquí deben ser espárragos con sueños de convertirse en grandes jugadores. Así que, para motivar a los valientes, compartiré un pequeño truco para aprovechar el mecanismo de cotización. Dijimos que los minoristas a menudo tienen tamaño concentrado y ritmo no discreto, entonces, simplemente hay que hacer lo contrario. Supongamos que Dave quiere comprar 1000u en largo. En lugar de apostar todo de una vez, usando la estrategia de los grandes jugadores, primero compro 100u. El sistema de cotización bajará el precio, y entonces puedo acumular a un precio más barato. Luego compro otros 100u, y el precio continuará bajando, por lo que mi costo promedio de tenencia será mucho más barato que si hubiera apostado todo de una vez.

La historia de la mala suerte de los minoristas solo se ha contado a la mitad aquí. Además de los factores de cotización de gestión de inventario, el manejo del flujo de órdenes por parte de los market makers es otro elemento que causa la desviación del precio, es decir, el flujo tóxico de órdenes mencionado al principio. En la próxima parte, les presentaré el libro de órdenes y el flujo de órdenes de los market makers, y también especularé sobre las causas microeconómicas del desastre del 1011.

Para saber cómo continúa la historia, esperen la próxima entrega.

《MM en Auge 2: Libro de Órdenes y Flujo de Órdenes del Market Maker》

《MM en Auge 3: Ventaja Estadística y Diseño de Señales》

Trend Kriptolar

İlgili Sorular

Q¿Por qué los precios a menudo se mueven en contra de la dirección esperada después de que los minoristas compran altcoins?

ANo se debe a una manipulación subjetiva, sino al sesgo de cotización basado en inventario del modelo Avellaneda-Stoikov y los mecanismos de protección contra el flujo tóxico de órdenes. Los market makers ajustan los precios para gestionar el riesgo de inventario.

Q¿Cómo reaccionan los market makers cuando su inventario se vuelve corto debido a grandes compras de minoristas?

ALos market makers bajan los precios para atraer órdenes de venta, detener más compras y proteger su posición corta expuesta, mientras se cubren.

Q¿Qué es el 'Quote Skew' en el sistema de cotización de los market makers?

AEl 'Quote Skew' es el ajuste de los precios de oferta y demanda para gestionar el riesgo de inventario, atrayendo órdenes que equilibren el inventario y protegiendo las posiciones expuestas.

Q¿Por qué los minoristas a menudo experimentan precios en su contra en altcoins con baja liquidez?

APorque en altcoins con baja liquidez, las órdenes minoristas son a menudo las únicas órdenes activas en un período corto, lo que hace que los market makers reaccionen más fuertemente al riesgo de inventario.

Q¿Cuál es una estrategia que los minoristas pueden usar para aprovechar el mecanismo de cotización de los market makers?

AEn lugar de realizar órdenes grandes y concentradas, los minoristas pueden dividir sus órdenes en partes más pequeñas y ejecutarlas de manera gradual para obtener precios promedio más bajos debido a los ajustes de cotización.

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